分子印迹荧光纳米探针在食品安全检测中的研究进展

荧光纳米材料因具有独特的发光性质,已成为分析检测等领域中极具应用前景的标记材料。分子印迹聚合物是一种人工合成的对特定模板分子具有较强特异识别能力"仿生"材料。分子印迹荧光纳米探针是将分子印迹技术的高选择性和荧光纳米材料的发光特性相结合,进而将微观分子识别过程转化为可读的荧光信号,具有识别选择性高、稳定性好、制备过程简单、灵敏度高、实用性强等特点。该类探针的研究对分析检测技术的发展具有积极推动作用。本文概述了分子印迹荧光纳米探针的检测原理及优点,重点介绍了该技术的分类及其近几年在食品安全检测方面的应用,并对发展趋势进行展望。     

罗丹明B表面分子印迹聚合物制备及其荧光检测

以罗丹明B为模板分子,制备了一种基于氧化硅的表面分子印迹聚合物,并采用扫描电镜对表面分子印迹聚合物的性状进行检测,证明表面分子印迹聚合物是在硅胶表面形成了印迹空穴。同时,使用荧光显微镜检测证明罗丹明B可被表面分子印迹聚合物有效结合和快速洗脱。采用荧光分光度计检测表面分子印迹聚合对底物结合能力和特异性,结果显示,表面印迹聚合物对罗丹明B具有高的识别性能,其Kd值为163.6,而相似物罗丹明6G和丁基罗丹明B分别为50和54.5。该方法与传统罗丹明B检测方法（高效液相色谱-紫外检测法）相比更为灵敏,检测限更低,即0.1 mg/L,可检测出痕量物质。     

基于上转换分子印迹聚合物荧光传感检测食品中的章鱼胺

以章鱼胺为模板分子,采用表面分子印迹技术通过溶胶凝胶法在上转换荧光纳米粒子表面合成了对章鱼胺有特异性识别位点的荧光分子印迹聚合物。该聚合物对章鱼胺有良好的特异性吸附和荧光响应。建立了一种适用于食品基质中章鱼胺定量检测的分子印迹荧光传感检测方法,在最佳检测条件下,方法的线性范围为2~10 mg/L,最低检出限为0.37 mg/L,可用于黄酒和乳酪中章鱼胺的检测,回收率86%~98%,相对标准偏差(RSD)0.54%~4.65%。该方法可用于复杂样品中章鱼胺的定量检测。     

基于纳米材料的表面分子印迹技术在食品安全检测中的应用

近年来,基于分子印迹仿生识别技术的基础和应用研究层出不穷,并取得了瞩目的研究进展。分子印迹聚合物作为一种特异性高、稳定性强的仿生识别材料,在食品复杂基质净化、痕量目标物富集、新型仿生检测方法的开发等方面得到了广泛的应用。尤其是以纳米材料为基础的表面分子印迹识别材料,不仅克服了传统分子印迹材料吸附容量低、识别位点不均匀、传质速率慢等技术缺陷,并将纳米材料的荧光、高灵敏等优良特征与分子印迹专一识别、广泛适用等特征相结合,在食品安全、环境检测等领域得到广泛关注。本文介绍了以纳米材料为基础的表面分子印迹材料在食品安全检测领域的研究成果,详尽解析了各类纳米材料对表面分子印迹聚合物性能的提升情况,以期为纳米材料、表面分子印迹在分析检测领域的进一步深入研究提供理论依据。     

实时荧光PCR方法检测食品中痕量荞麦成分

目的：建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的荞麦成分检测方法。 方法：针对荞麦内转录间隔区ITS(internal transcribed spacer)和5.8S rRNA基因序列设计一对PCR引物及探针,建立实时荧光PCR检测方法;以同源性(27个荞麦属相关物种)及非同源性(食品中常见的栽培型植物)参考植物物种作特异性检测;以50mg/kg小麦DNA作为稀释液对荞麦DNA进行梯度稀释,做灵敏度检测。 结果：该方法能够有效对荞麦成分进行快速检测,具有较强的特异性,灵敏度较高(可达0.1μg/kg)并且小麦成分的存在对荞麦灵敏度检测没有影响。结论：该方法特异性强,灵敏度高,可以快速、准确检测食品中含有的痕量荞麦成分。     

应用LNA-TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测大米制品中转基因成分

大米制品中痕量转基因成分的检测需要特异和超灵敏的检测方法。本研究以行业标准中转基因大米筛查位点CaMV35S启动子、NOS终止子和Cry1A基因为目标,利用在常规TaqMan探针中掺入锁核苷酸提高探针退火温度和杂交特异性等特点,经比较以上位点不同LNA-TaqMan探针实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测效果,建立了针对上述筛查位点的基于LNA-TaqMan探针的新型实时荧光PCR检测方法。该方法特异性强,检测灵敏度超高;与普通TaqMan实时荧光PCR方法相比,其反应Ct值可提前1～3 个循环（Cry1A位点除外）,检测低限可达3 pg。该检测方法可以用以检测大米制品中常规实时荧光PCR难以检测到的痕量转基因大米成分。     

2种弧菌的实时荧光PCR快速检测

目的为快速、特异、灵敏的检测致病性弧菌,建立致病性弧菌的实时荧光PCR方法。方法针对霍乱弧菌的种特异性基因ompW、毒力基因tcpA、ctxA和副溶血性弧菌的种特异性基因tl、毒力基因tdh设计引物和Taqman荧光探针,建立实时荧光PCR检测方法。结果该方法能够特异性地检出副溶血性弧菌或霍乱弧菌,并进一步确定其是否携带tdh、tcpA或ctxA毒力基因,检测的灵敏度可达到10CFU/ml或0.1716μg/ml(pg/μl)DNA模板浓度。结论该方法特异性强、灵敏度高,适用于食品中致病性弧菌的快速检验。     

分子荧光光谱法检测水中β-萘酚

目的建立分子荧光光度法测定地表水、地下水、出厂水和管网水中痕量β-萘酚的分析方法。方法根据β-萘酚在激发波长328 nm和发射波长364 nm下的荧光特性,水脱氯处理后,直接进行荧光检测,利用分子荧光光谱进行外标法定量,并进行了方法学考察和验证。结果方法线性相关系数r~2=1,方法检出限为0.0007 mg/L,测定下限为0.003 mg/L;超纯水、地表水、地下水、出厂水和管网水在0.01 mg/L、0.25 mg/L和0.45 mg/L低、中、高3个添加水平的加标回收率为87.0%～99.1%,相对标准偏差为1.61～5.58%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高、专属性好,在一定的无机离子、相似有机物、表面活性剂浓度范围内,适用于检测地表水、地下水、出厂水和管网水中痕量β-萘酚。     

冬虫夏草实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

建立冬虫夏草高效、灵敏的分子检测方法。以冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Saccardo核糖体(rDNA)内转录间隔区(ITS)为分子标记片段,通过对不同虫草同源序列的比对分析,设计对冬虫夏草具有特异性反应的实时荧光PCR引物和探针。该引物检测的目标DNA长度为80bp,对冬虫夏草DNA模版的检测含量可低至0.0001ng/μL。     

荧光磁性表面分子印迹聚合物对柚皮苷的荧光偏振检测

采用荧光磁性表面分子印迹法对柚皮苷进行荧光偏振检测。该方法以二氧化硅包裹的磁性颗粒为基质,甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为单体,并用异硫氰酸荧光素标记,得到同时具有荧光和磁性的表面分子印迹聚合物。并采用荧光偏振法和紫外分光光度法对制备的聚合物结合能力进行检测。通过与比较2种检测方法可知荧光偏振法更为灵敏,检出限为0.1?mg/L。最后对番茄酱中含有的柚皮苷进行回收率检测,回收率达到81.3%以上。说明采用荧光磁性表面分子印迹法对食品中柚皮苷可快速、高效地检测。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.