超临界CO_2脱除绿茶咖啡碱过程中茶叶香气变化研究

超临界CO2萃取是脱除茶叶中的咖啡碱的一种方法。但是与此同时,它也会脱去茶叶中的一些香气物质。通过SDE香气萃取法和GC-MS香气分析的方法测定脱咖啡碱前后绿茶样品和萃取物的香气,结果表明脱咖啡碱前绿茶茶样的香气物质含量为21.44μg/g,主要香气物质有(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、β-紫罗兰酮、橙花叔醇、正己醛、α-紫罗兰酮、青叶醛和芳樟醇等。脱咖啡碱后绿茶茶样的香气物质含量为9.27μg/g,主要香气物质有(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、芳樟醇、正己醛、间二甲苯、青叶醛和β-紫罗兰酮等。萃取物的香气物质含量高达31.80μg/g,主要香气物质有(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯、β-紫罗兰酮、正戊酸和苯乙醛等。香气物质总的损失率为56.76%,其中苯甲醛、甲基庚烯酮、反-2-辛烯醛、香叶醇和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛损失严重。因此超临界CO2萃取脱除咖啡碱的过程中香气损失严重。     

不同季节绿茶香气成分的判别与聚类分析

采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对春、夏及秋季绿茶的香气成分进行定性定量分析,进一步结合多元统计分析手段对不同季节绿茶香气成分进行判别和聚类分析,得到不同季节绿茶的关键差异性香气成分。结果表明：共鉴定出不同季节绿茶中的32 种挥发性物质,可分为醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烷类、杂环类及其他化合物;基于不同季节绿茶香气成分的含量建立的偏最小二乘判别分析模型（拟合参数为R2Y=0.903,Q2=0.570）可有效区分春、夏及秋季的绿茶样品,其中12 种香气物质为不同季节绿茶间的关键差异性化合物,分别是顺-茉莉酮、苯甲醇、反-2-辛烯醛、β-环柠檬醛、1-己醇、5,6-环氧-β-紫罗兰酮、（反,反）-2,4-庚二烯醛、壬醛、脱氢芳樟醇、2,2,6-三甲基环己酮、3-甲基呋喃及1-庚醇。对关键差异性化合物的聚类分析结果表明,顺-茉莉酮、脂肪醇及苯甲醇在春茶中含量显著高于夏季和秋季,它们的香气特征普遍为草本的清香及花果香;夏茶中甜香及脂肪香的醛酮化合物含量较高,其中（反,反）-2,4-庚二烯醛含量最高;秋茶中的关键香气成分种类最为单一,仅清香、花香及木香型的脱氢芳樟醇含量在大部分秋茶中相对较高。     

不同品种与加工工艺对初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分的影响

采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对9个单品种初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分进行分析。9个单品种初榨橄榄油共鉴定出22种挥发性风味成分,相对含量较高的有(E)-2-己烯醛、正己醛、2-己烯醛、叶醇、1-戊烯-3-酮,其中(Z)-2-庚烯醛仅在鄂植8号和阿斯品种中检出,乙酸己酯只在莱星和城固32号品种中检出,正戊醇仅在鄂植8号品种中检出,皮瓜尔和阿斯品种中未鉴定出(E)-2-己烯-1-醇和2-乙基己醇。莱星、城固32号单品种初榨橄榄油随着油橄榄成熟度的增大,(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醇相对含量明显升高,而1-戊烯-3-醇相对含量显著降低。莱星单品种油橄榄加酶提取的橄榄油特有成分为(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛,鄂植8号单品种特有成分有柠檬烯、正戊醇、(Z)-2-庚烯醛、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-乙基己醇。结果说明,9个单品种初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分在相对含量和成分组成上均存在差别;同一品种不同成熟度的油橄榄获取的初榨橄榄油,香气成分不同,不同品种初榨橄榄油挥发性成分随成熟度的变化规律基本一致,加酶提取工艺较佳,可丰富初榨橄榄油香气。     

基于顶空固相微萃取法-气相色谱-质谱法和相对气味活度值分析13种凤凰单丛茶香气成分

目的 探究13种凤凰单丛茶香气成分及各香气成分对总体风味的贡献。方法 采用顶空固相微萃取法(headspace solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对13种单丛茶进行香气成分分析, 并结合相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV)筛选各单丛茶关键香气成分。结果 在13种单丛茶样品中检出香气成分179种, 新检出成分88种, 共有香气成分53种。同时, 根据挥发性成分的ROAV值, 共检出17种关键香气成分, 对总体香气的贡献率由大到小依次为1-辛烯-3-醇、癸醛、β-环柠檬醛、异丁醛、β-紫罗兰酮、法尼醇、香叶醇、α-法尼烯、异戊醇、顺-1,5-辛二烯-3-醇、顺-3-己烯醇、庚醛、脱氢芳樟醇、反-3-戊烯-2-酮、2-癸酮、2-庚烯醛、6-甲基-5-庚基-2-酮; 另外, 检出16种重要修饰成分, 共有关键香气5种, 分别为1-辛烯-3-醇、法尼醇、β-环柠檬醛、癸醛和β-紫罗兰酮。结论 各关键香气成分在不同单丛茶中含量及贡献度存在明显差异。     

基于相对气味活度值法的新疆大盘鸡中主要挥发性风味物质分析

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对新疆大盘鸡中的挥发性风味物质进行萃取和分离鉴定,采用相对气味活度值法确定对新疆大盘鸡香气具有主要贡献作用和修饰作用的香气物质。结果表明：共检测出64 种挥发性风味物质,醇类和醛类物质含量所占比例较高,分别为26.9%、36.4%;柠檬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛、己醛、β-紫罗兰酮、桉树醇、苯甲醛、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、辛醛、1-庚醇、庚醛及2-戊基呋喃14 种物质对新疆大盘鸡香气贡献较大;苯乙醇、苯乙醛、正己酸乙烯酯、苯甲醇、(E)-2-辛烯醛、戊醛、乙酸芳樟酯、α-蒎烯、茴香烯、β-罗勒烯、二烯丙基二硫、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、乙酸庚酯、正辛醇、3-辛酮、正己醇、1-壬醇、松油醇及苯乙烯对新疆大盘鸡的香气起修饰作用。     

基于GC-MS和感官评价分析3种干制浒苔的挥发性风味成分

为探讨3种干制浒苔的挥发性风味,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GCMS）对浒苔的挥发性成分进行分析,在条浒苔（U. clathrata）样品X、缘管浒苔（U. linza）样品Y、浒苔（U. prolifera）样品N中共检测出醛类（19种）、酮类（9种）、醇类（6种）、酸类（8种）、酯类（3种）、含硫化合物（2种）和其它化合物（14种）等61种物质,其中含硫化合物含量最高,达40.39%～58.09%。采用相对香气活度值法（ROAV）和感官评价鉴定浒苔的特征香气成分,结果表明,干制浒苔关键特征风味化合物为二甲基硫醚（洋葱味、熟大蒜、硫磺）和β-紫罗酮（紫罗兰、花香）。此外,3种浒苔共有的挥发性香气成分还包括二甲基亚砜、4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮、苯甲醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯等。其中,样品N特征香气物质最多,特别是酮醛类羰基化合物,(E)-2-丁烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2,6-壬二醛和1-辛烯-3-醇等被认为是影响风味的关键性挥发物质。浒苔Y特有的风味物质包括(5Z)-1,5-辛二烯-3-醇、4-乙基苯甲醛、5-甲基呋喃醛等,这些物质具有独特的...     

HS-SPME-GC-MS结合ROAV法对市售核桃油香气成分的研究

采用顶空固相微萃(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对市售核桃油挥发性香气成分进行鉴定分析,共鉴定出76种香气组分。主要为醛类21种(53.46%)、醇类9种(18.60%)、酮类10种(7.32%)、酸类4种(6.38%)、烯烃类6种(2.90%)、烷烃类9种(2.54%)、酯类12种(2.28%)以及杂环类5种(2.17%)。采用相对香气活度值(ROAV)法对市售核桃油挥发性香气成分进行分析,在市售核桃油挥发性香气成分中共有9种关键挥发性香气成分,分别为(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、壬醛、2-辛烯醛、辛醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、2-戊基呋喃,这些物质为市售核桃油的整体香味起到了主要的贡献作用。     

基于GC-MS结合化学计量学方法探究特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点

以探究特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点及特征挥发性物质为目的,采用固相微萃取及气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对8 种不同品种的辣椒粉进行分析。运用气相色谱-质谱法可检测到112 种不同品种辣椒粉中普遍存在的挥发性化合物,从中筛选出63 种与特征清香味相关的特定的化合物并进行偏最小二乘回归分析。结果表明：特征清香味辣椒粉主要与感官属性煮熟蔬菜味、青草味和新鲜味有关。煮熟蔬菜味与β-月桂烯、(E)-2-戊烯醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、辛醛、4-辛烯-3-酮和2-戊基呋喃呈显著正相关,与大部分挥发性化合物呈非显著正相关,与己醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛和2,3-丁二酮呈显著负相关;青草味与雪松烯、(Z)-3-己烯醇、己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛和2-甲基丙酸呈显著正相关,与4-甲基-1-戊醇、己醇、(E)-2-辛烯醛和2-甲基丁酸己酯呈显著负相关;新鲜味与3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-甲基丙酸和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪呈显著正相关,与己醇、壬醛和2-甲基丁酸己酯呈显著负相关。由此确定特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点及其特征挥发成分,为清香味辣椒粉的品质控制和系列风味产品的开发提供科学依据。     

小网箱养殖大黄鱼挥发性风味物质检测与分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)固相微萃取(SPME)法对小网箱养殖大黄鱼的挥发性成分进行检测与分析,结合感觉阈值,利用相对气味活度值确定鱼类的主体风味成分,并分析主要挥发性风味组分的气味特征及其生成途径。结果表明,小网箱养殖大黄鱼的主要风味成分由壬醛、辛醛、三甲胺、(E)-2-辛烯醛、己醛、戊酸乙酯、庚醛、(Z)-4-庚烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、癸醛、戊醛、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、2-戊基呋喃等15种化合物构成。     

14 种侧耳属食用菌干品挥发性香味成分分析

挥发性香味成分是影响食用菌品质的重要指标。为探究不同侧耳属食用菌挥发性香味物质的组成和相对含量,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用方法对14 种侧耳属食用菌干品中的挥发性香味物质进行分析,并通过相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）和共有成分分析研究不同组分对整体风味的贡献。结果显示：14?种侧耳属食用菌干品中共鉴定出41?种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、羧酸类和呋喃类等;其中共有成分8?种,分别为正己醛、2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、正辛醇、2-辛烯-1-醇、3-辛酮和1-辛烯-3-酮;此外,醇类化合物在14?种侧耳属食用菌中相对含量远高于其他类化合物。除佛罗里达侧耳PF6中主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-酮、1-辛烯-3-醇和正辛醛外,其他13?种侧耳属食用菌中主体挥发性香气成分均为1-辛烯-3-酮和1-辛烯-3-醇。共有香气物质主成分分析显示前3?个主成分方差累计贡献率达到83.627%,主要代表性成分为1-己醇、正己醛、2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、正辛醇、2-辛烯-1-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮和3-辛酮等,它们是影响食用菌风味的关键性香味成分。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.