烘焙提香条件对红茶感官品质及主要 生化成分的影响

目的 研究烘焙提香条件对红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响。方法 系统比较了不同烘焙温度及时间、不同提香温度及烘焙提香组合处理对红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响。结果 在3个烘焙温度下, 75 ℃烘焙3 h效果最好, 其次是70 ℃烘培5 h, 较低温度烘焙有助于主要生化成分的保留, 较高温度烘焙易产生热化学反应而导致内含物质部分减少, 但综合品质有所提升。在3个提香温度下, 110 ℃提香处理的红茶品质最好, 100 ℃提香次之, 120 ℃提香时温度过高有高火味, 主要生化成分会随提香温度的升高先增后降; 在3个烘焙及提香组合处理下, 组合75 ℃ 3 h+110 ℃处理效果最好, 该处理对茶叶品质提升有利。结论 掌握适当的烘焙或提香技术均能一定程度提高茶叶滋味及香气品质, 烘焙75 ℃ 3 h后经110 ℃提香2 min茶叶品质最好。     

烘焙提香条件对红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响

目的研究烘焙提香条件对红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响。方法系统比较了不同烘焙温度及时间、不同提香温度及烘焙提香组合处理对红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响。结果在3个烘焙温度下,75℃烘焙3 h效果最好,其次是70℃烘培5 h,较低温度烘焙有助于主要生化成分的保留,较高温度烘焙易产生热化学反应而导致内含物质部分减少,但综合品质有所提升。在3个提香温度下,110℃提香处理的红茶品质最好,100℃提香次之,120℃提香时温度过高有高火味,主要生化成分会随提香温度的升高先增后降;在3个烘焙及提香组合处理下,组合75℃3 h+110℃处理效果最好,该处理对茶叶品质提升有利。结论掌握适当的烘焙或提香技术均能一定程度提高茶叶滋味及香气品质,烘焙75℃3 h后经110℃提香2 min茶叶品质最好。     

基于电子鼻分析提香工艺对红茶香气特征的影响

为了分析不同提香工艺红茶(80℃ 4 h、90℃ 1 h+80℃ 1 h、100℃ 1 h+90℃ 1 h和110℃ 1 h+100℃ 1 h)的差异香气成分,探究最佳的提香工艺,本文采用电子鼻技术和感官审评对红茶香气进行研究。结果表明:传感器W1S、传感器W2S、传感器W1W和传感器W2W在不同提香工艺红茶香气区分中起主要作用,即四组提香工艺红茶的差异性香气成分是甲烷类、乙醇类和部分芳香型化合物、硫化物和萜烯类、有机硫化物和氮氧化物。此外,感官审评结果显示:提香工艺为90℃ 1 h+80℃ 1 h的红茶品质最佳。     

葛根全粉茶的加工工艺

研究了一种用葛根全粉制作葛根茶的加工工艺,通过对水添加量、食用胶选择和用量、焙烤和提香条件进行研究,确定了适宜的工艺条件。实验结果表明,水添加量为粉料的45%,卡拉胶与魔芋胶的总添加量为0.5%(以葛根全粉计),比例为4∶2,170℃下焙烤6min,120℃下提香15min为适宜的工艺条件。制得的葛根茶具有良好的感官品质,感官评分达97分,且易实现工业化生产。     

不同杀青温度对松阳香茶品质的影响研究

以目前普遍采用的松阳香茶工艺为基础,采用不同的杀青温度对其制得的香茶成品茶进行感官审评和生化检测,并对不同杀青温度的杀青叶外观品质及干茶碎末茶进行了比较。结果表明:在投叶量一定的情况下(130 kg/h),采用80型电磁滚筒杀青机杀青,其滚筒各段温度为290℃,280℃,265℃时,加工的香茶品质最佳。     

烘焙型铁观音与市售黑乌龙茶品质的差异性研究

采用铁观音为材料,在100℃、130℃、160℃3个不同温度下分别进行再烘焙,分析比较了不同的再烘培温度对铁观音感官品质、主要理化成分的影响,并与市售黑乌龙茶产品进行差异性比较。感官审评结果表明,100℃再烘焙4 h茶样的感官审评得分最高,且香气和滋味最好,感官品质优于市售浓香型黑乌龙;化学成分分析表明,儿茶素、茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量在不同温度再烘焙处理过程中变化规律相似,100℃烘焙条件处理过程中以上组分含量先提高后降低,在130℃、160℃烘焙温度条件下均呈下降趋势,茶色素含量随着烘焙温度的提高和烘焙时间的延长而升高。炭焙型黑乌龙茶生化成分与铁观音160℃烘焙时较为接近。     

远红外变温提香技术对工夫红茶风味品质的影响

提香是有效提升茶叶风味品质的重要加工工艺。本实验采用L27(36)正交试验并结合感官审评和风味品质成分分析,研究远红外变温提香技术对工夫红茶风味品质的影响。结果表明,远红外变温提香条件因素对茶叶感官总分影响的主次顺序依次为第三阶段温度＞第一阶段温度＞第一阶段时间＞第二阶段时间＞第二阶段温度＞第三阶段时间,优选远红外变温提香工艺A1B1C1D3E1F2（即第一阶段70 ℃、时间30 min,第二阶段100 ℃、时间30 min,第三阶段115 ℃、时间10 min）能明显提升毛茶的香气品质和滋味品质（分别提高了4.66 分和5.00 分）。风味品质成分分析结果表明,采用优选组合工艺所得产品的茶黄素相对含量（（0.81±0.02）%）较未提香茶样（（0.70±0.01）%）显著增加（P＜0.05）,而茶红素相对含量（（6.81±0.07）%）、总茶多酚相对含量（（14.79±0.03）%）等显著降低（P＜0.05）。在5 个工夫红茶中共鉴定出40 种香气成分,其中醇类化合物的种类（10 种）和相对含量最高（占香气成分的47.60%～51.07%）。与未提香茶样相比,采用优选组合工艺所得产品的醇类、醛类及其他类香气物质相对含量有所降低,而烯烃类、酮类、酯类相对含量有所增加;芳樟醇及其氧化物（24.60%）、香叶醇（13.16%）、水杨酸甲酯（9.13%）、苯乙醛（7.11%）、苯乙醇（5.98%）等为其主要香气成分。远红外变温提香工艺能有效提高红茶的风味品质,可为工夫红茶加工技术的提升提供一定的技术参考。     

后湿热工艺对红茶品质的影响

对初制红茶进行不同温度、时间、湿度的湿热工艺处理,正交试验参数分别为温度(30,45,60℃),时间(6,8,10 h),湿度(50%,60%,70%),再加工茶样进行感官审评和理化成分分析。感官审评结果表明,湿热工艺处理可显著提高茶样感官品质;理化分析结果表明,可溶性糖受3因素影响均极显著,且影响程度为温度时间湿度;游离氨基酸受温度和时间影响均表现极显著性;可溶性蛋白质受温度影响显著,且与温度呈负相关;水浸出物受湿度影响极显著;茶黄素类(TFs)和茶褐色类(TBs)受温度、湿度影响极显著;茶红素类(TRs)受温度、时间影响极显著,受湿度影响显著。综合各因素确定本研究最优湿热工艺为45℃,6 h,60%。     

不同加工工艺对信阳群体种白茶品质及成分的影响

研究以信阳群体种为材料,探讨在室内自然萎凋的情况下,萎凋时间长短和干燥温度高低对其所制白茶感官品质及主要生化成分含量的影响。通过对比不同加工工艺信阳群体种白茶的感官审评及主要化学成分含量差异,分析萎凋过程中白茶品质及成分的变化趋势,讨论信阳群体种加工白茶较适宜的萎凋时间和干燥温度。研究设置2因素多水平试验,萎凋时间分别为12、18、24、30、36、42 h,干燥温度分别为60、80、100℃。研究结果表明,随着萎凋时间的延长,茶多酚、儿茶素含量呈先上升后下降趋势,氨基酸含量持续微弱上升;萎凋30 h-干燥温度80℃为信阳群体种加工白茶相对最佳的工艺,相对较适宜的萎凋时间为(18~30)h。     

不同水温潮水对黑茶品质的影响研究

黑茶属于六大茶类之一,也是我国所特有的一种茶叶。本研究使用贵州本地茶树良种鸟王种作用试验材料,使用水温17℃、25℃和35℃的水进行潮水,并测定理化指标和感官审评。结果证明,水温25℃时进行潮水的茶叶,其感官审评得分最高,理化指标检测也佐证了这一点。在有条件的情况下,最好使用25℃的水对黑茶进行增湿加工,有利于提高黑茶品质。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.