羊毛环保染色工艺研究进展

环境友好的染色工艺是减少污染的一种重要方法,本文从环保的角度介绍了一些羊毛的节水节能的染色工艺。这些工艺包括低温染色、短湿蒸染色、微胶囊染色、冷轧堆染色、溶剂染色、超临界二氧化碳染色、低温等离子体染色、超声波染色、微波染色、助剂增溶染色等．     

节水染色和非水介质染色技术的研究进展

节水染色和非水介质染色是当今印染行业研究的重要方向。目前,国内应用较多的节水染色技术有原位矿化染色、泡沫染色、活性染料湿短蒸染色等,非水介质染色技术有超临界二氧化碳染色、反胶束体系染色、有机溶剂悬浮体系染色等,对上述技术分别进行归纳总结,对比分析其优缺点,综述了节水染色和非水介质染色领域的应用进展。     

超声波条件下酸性染料对羊毛的染色性能研究

主要研究超声波在酸性染料染羊毛中的染色性能。选用常规染色和超声波染色对羊毛织物进行酸性染料染色,比较了2种染色方法的染色动力学。利用超声波酸性染料染色羊毛,与常规染色相比,超声波在染液中会产生强烈的空穴效应,染色速率常数较大,扩散活化能较高,染色温度较低,皂洗牢度有所提高,在低温条件下染色,对纤维损伤较小。超声波条件下,酸性染料对羊毛织物进行染色,可以在相对较低的染色温度(70℃)让酸性染料上染羊毛织物,并能获得较好的染色效果。     

羊毛纤维Lanasol CE型活性染料低温染色

以Lanasol CE型毛用活性染料为染色用染料,通过在羊毛染色的上染阶段加入低温染色助剂,使染料在低温条件下被纤维均匀吸附,保证上染均匀。探索了低温助剂对羊毛Lanasol CE型染料低温染色工艺的影响。通过比较羊毛低温染色工艺和常规染色工艺的上染速率及染色后纤维的各项性能,低温染色工艺染色样品表观深度和常规工艺染色样品一致,纤维碱溶解度优于常规染色,低温染色工艺可降低染色温度,减少羊毛的损伤,节能同时减少能耗。     

茶色素对羊毛织物的染色效果

为了研究茶色素染色的效果,为茶色素的应用提供参考,以羊毛织物为染材,通过直接染色和媒染染色2种方法进行染色工艺研究.探讨了茶色素直接染色时染色工艺参数以及茶色素染色的色域和硫酸亚铁媒染的染色效果.研究结果表明:直接染色最佳染色温度为90℃,pH值为4时得色最深;浴比1:50,染色温度90℃,染色时间50 min,pH值为中性条件下直接染色时,初期染色K/S值随茶色素用量的提高而提高,茶色素质量浓度达10 g/L时,得色接近饱和;茶色素染色可获得黄、棕、蓝黑等多种颜色;皂洗会引起直接染色和硫酸亚铁媒染染色试样的色光变化,硫酸亚铁媒染可提高茶色素染色的耐皂洗色牢度.     

节能减排型染料的新发展（一）

针对国内外印染行业近年开发的节能减排新工艺,介绍了新开发的节能减排型染料,包括适于低温染色、高固着率染色、一次成功染色、湿短蒸连续轧染染色、小浴比染色和低盐染色等工艺的新型活性染料,以及适于一次成功染色、高洗涤牢度染色、Then气流染色、新型超细聚酯纤维染色、快速染色和一浴一步法染色等的新型分散染料.     

酸性荧光黄73对羊毛织物的染色

采用酸性荧光黄73对羊毛织物进行染色,探讨染色pH值、染色温度、染色时间、电解质NaCl浓度、染料用量对羊毛表观色深K/S值的影响,分析染色织物的荧光效果,测试染色织物的牢度。研究结果表明:染色织物的K/S值随着染色温度的升高和染色时间的延长而逐渐增加,随着染色pH值和NaCl用量的增加染色织物的K/S值逐渐下降,染色织物具有一定的荧光强度,可满足除警示服外的其他服饰的荧光要求;酸性荧光黄73用量为2%(owf)时,对羊毛的最佳染色工艺为:染色pH值5,染色温度高于80℃,染色时间40 min;且染色织物具有较好的耐洗和耐摩擦牢度。     

羊毛普拉染料微悬浮体染色研究

采用普拉（Polar）系列染料以微悬浮体染色工艺对羊毛纤维进行染色,比较了微悬浮体染色和传统染色工艺对羊毛纤维的染色性能及染色样品损伤程度的影响。结果表明,采用微悬浮体染色工艺能显著缩短染色时间,减少纤维在染色过程中所受的损伤,且染色样品色泽鲜艳。     

超声波在黄芩甙对羊毛针织物染色中的应用

采用超声波染色技术,黄芩甙作为染料对纯毛针织物染色。通过与常规染色进行对比实验,证明超声波染色技术可以减少染色时间,降低染色温度,染色织物的摩擦牢度、皂洗牢度和表观得色深度(K/S值)均优于常规染色。通过单因素优选实验,得出最佳超声波染色时间和染色温度,其中最佳染色时间为30 min,最佳染色温度60℃。同时,研究了媒染剂和超声波协同作用在黄芩甙纯毛织物染色中的作用,实验结果表明:超声波和媒染剂的协同作用使染色织物的表面得色深度明显提高。     

山羊绒微悬浮体低温染色

采用Lanasol系列活性染料对山羊绒进行微悬浮体低温染色,对比微悬浮体低温染色工艺与传统低温染色工艺对山羊绒纤维染色性能的影响。结果表明,与传统低温染色工艺相比,微悬浮体低温染色工艺可进一步降低染色温度,染色时间缩短约20%,不影响染料的利用率及染色均匀性,减小了纤维染色时所受的损伤,保证了纤维染后品质(较好的手感及染色牢度)。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.