烟草病毒病(CMV、PVY)药剂防治及挽回损失研究初报

对２种药剂防治烟草病毒病的效果进行了田间试验。结果表明，所试验药剂对烟草病毒病（ＣＭＶ、ＰＶＹ）均有一定的防治效果，其中植病灵Ⅱ６００倍液具有较好的防治效果，防效达４４．６％，每公顷可挽回经济损失３５０２．３９元。     

甲霜灵锰锌对烟草炭疽病的毒力及防效研究

本试验较为系统全面地测定了甲霜灵锰锌对烟草炭疽病菌的毒力及防治效果.结果表明:甲霜灵锰锌对菌落生长和分生孢子萌发均有明显的抑制效果;温室人工接种的平均防效为79.3%;田间防治效果平均为74.6%.本结果对防治烟草炭疽病及合理有效使用农药、减少生产成本提供了依据.     

香菇多糖对烟草灰霉病的防治效果研究

为挖掘香菇多糖( Lentinus,LTN)对常见植物病原菌的防治效果,采用生长速率法和菌丝块接种法检测了香菇多糖对常见植物病原真菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发、种子萌发和烟苗生长的影响及对烟草灰霉病( Tobacco grey mould)的温室防治效果.结果表明:香菇多糖对7种常见植物病原真菌均具有较好的抑制作用,其中1％香菇多糖对烟草灰霉病原菌的抑制活性最高,抑菌圈直径达39.45 mm.香菇多糖能致使烟草灰霉病原菌菌丝分支增多,膨大畸形等异常生长现象,孢子萌发抑制率高达97.63％,孢子致畸率为53.68％.且香菇多糖对烟草种子萌发有较明显的促生作用.盆栽试验表明1％香菇多糖溶液对烟草灰霉病的防治效果达85.05％.     

氮气对储烟害虫烟草甲的防治效果

为明确实验室及实仓条件下,氮气对储烟害虫烟草甲4种虫态（幼虫、蛹、成虫、卵）的防治效果,在实验室设置20、25、30℃三个温度,以95%和99%浓度的氮气处理4种虫态的烟草甲,分别在1、2、4、6、8、10、12、14 d后取出,记录试虫死亡情况;在烟仓自然条件下,以99%浓度的氮气处理密闭烟垛中的烟草甲,分别在第9天和第30天取出,记录试虫死亡情况。结果表明,实验室条件下,6个组合处理对各虫态烟草甲均有一定的致死作用,且致死效果随氮气浓度的升高、温度的升高和处理时间的延长而增强。同时,氮气处理对不同虫态烟草甲的防治效果差异显著,对卵和成虫的防治效果高于其他虫态。99%浓度氮气在20、25、30℃条件下处理烟草甲卵4 d,99%浓度氮气在30℃条件下处理烟草甲成虫4 d,校正死亡率即可达100%;实仓条件下,99%浓度氮气处理密闭烟垛9 d,对烟草甲幼虫、蛹、成虫的校正死亡率可达100%。因此,20~30℃条件下,运用氮气杀虫技术可有效防治烟仓中各虫态烟草甲,温度越高、氮气浓度越大效果越好。     

抑制烟草花叶病毒活性植物的筛选

本研究采用半叶枯斑法和烟草病害分级标准,对抗TMV的活性植物进行筛选,系统测定了艾蒿、板蓝根、柴胡等24种植物的粗提取物对烟草花叶病毒（TMV）的抑制效果,包括体外钝化TMV作用、抑制TMV初侵染;并采用盆栽法,研究植物粗提取物对烟草花叶病的保护和治疗作用等。试验表明,银杏、栀子、商陆、赤芍等植物粗提取物的综合防治效果较好,有进一步开发和利用的前景。     

烟草根结线虫病不同防控措施的田间筛选

为筛选防控烟草根结线虫病的措施,通过田间试验研究了5种植物、1种昆虫病原线虫、2种生防真菌对烤烟农艺性状、产量、产值及烟草根结线虫病防治效果的影响。结果表明,烤烟间作菽麻、间作猪屎豆,施用异小杆线虫和施用淡紫拟青霉在烤烟农艺性状、产量、产值及整个生育期对烟草根结线虫防治效果综合表现较好。除药剂对照外,整个生育期内施用淡紫拟青霉防效最好,平均防效61.2%;间作菽麻次之,平均防效60.4%;其次为1.46×10⁸Js/hm²的异小杆线虫,平均防效53.3%;最差为间作猪屎豆,平均防效为46.2%。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌F10促生作用及对烟草青枯病的防治效果

为明确植物根际促生细菌（Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR）对烤烟促生和抗病作用,以前期试验分离获得的贝莱斯芽胞杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）F10为材料,通过盆栽和田间小区试验考察其对烟草的促生作用和对烟草青枯病的防治效果。结果表明,生防菌F10处理后,烟草根系和地上部生长显著优于对照,烟草叶片过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性提高。盆栽和田间小区试验中生防菌F10对烟草青枯病的防治效果分别为60.49%和54.91%,大田烟叶产量、上等烟比例和上中等烟比例比对照分别提高11.82%、31.46%和13.17%。生防菌F10对烟草生长具有促进作用,对烟草青枯病具有较好的防治效果,烤烟经济效益显著提高。      

诱导植物提高抗病毒作用制剂防治烟草病毒病试验研究

具有诱导植物提高抗病毒作用的生物及化学激发子农药是新兴的生物农药,研究了几种具有诱导烟草提高抗病毒作用的生物及化学激发子对烟草花叶病毒病的盆栽和田间诱抗效果.结果表明,该类农药能显著诱导烟草抑制病毒病的发生和发展,对病毒病有较好的防治效果.     

清江流域烟草病虫害发生与防治技术研究

调查了清江流域的烟草病虫害发生种类,分析了植物源农药和综防技术在该产区的应用价值。结果表明,清江源烟区烟草侵染性病害20种,害虫2纲8目25科90余种,烟草害虫天敌种类2纲7目80余种;外施0.3%苦参碱后,中部和下部烟叶化学成分更具协调性,中部烟叶感官质量的综合得分高于对照样品,且对烟青虫和烟蚜有很好的防治效果,值得推广应用;通过实施综合防治技术,有效减少了烟草病虫害的发生,降低了防治成本,提高了烟叶产质量。     

抗PVYN药剂-KY1号的研制及其作用机理的研究

本文对自主开发的抗PVYN药剂-KY1号的防治效果及其作用机理做了初步探讨。室内试验表明,KY1号对烟草PVYN的防治效果高达88.34%;大田试验表明喷施KY1号对烟草PVYN的防治效果为84.8%,明显优于目前常用农药病毒A、菌克毒克等。对KY1号抗病毒的作用机理进行了研究。结果表明KY1号对PVYN有强烈的体外钝化作用,且钝化作用是不可逆的。KY1号体外能将病毒粒子破坏成小碎段,使其失去侵染能力;对POD活性的研究表明,KY1号的处理酶活性普遍提高,明显高于对照,且高峰期延后2~3 d,与症状发展一致。POD同工酶谱带分析表明KY1号处理出现对照没有的一条新谱带;KY1号还能抑制烟草赤星病菌、烟草炭疽病菌等。      

博落回生物碱的抑菌作用研究

以20％的甲醇作溶剂，盐酸小檗碱及青霉素做对照，将博落回碱，盐酸血根碱，盐酸小檗碱配成9600μg／ml的溶液，并测定了这三种物质对常见的5种细菌的抑菌效力(抑菌圈直径)及最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明，这三种物质具有不同程度的抑菌效力，其中盐酸血根碱具有很强的广谱抑菌作用。     

常用黄色植物染料在桑蚕丝上的染色色相比较

为了解黄色植物染料的色相差异,以及料液比和染色次数对色相的影响,以9种常用黄色植物染料为对象,采用后媒法、复染法等对桑蚕丝进行染色,并对测得的色度值指标进行分析。结果表明:黄连、槐花、栀子对桑蚕丝染色呈强黄光,黄柏、姜黄、黄栌、黄芩呈中等黄光,石榴皮呈弱黄光;黄柏对桑蚕丝染色呈冷黄光,黄连、槐花、栀子、柘木、石榴皮呈中性黄光,黄栌呈暖黄光;多数染料随着染色料液比和染色次数的增加,明度降低,黄度增强,染色色相向暖色方向偏移,颜色趋于饱和;黄色染料染色色度值b?值和c?值的最大值均出现在多次复染工艺中,说明复染可以达到更黄、更纯的色相,但不同料液比的染色样品色彩差异大,可构成深浅丰富的黄色。     

链格孢菌植物抑菌剂的筛选优化

以13种植物为原料,以抑菌圈的直径为指标,对链格孢菌植物抑菌剂进行了筛选优化。实验以丙酮提取剂筛选出甘草和苦参作为抑菌原料,然后分别考察了水、乙醇和丙酮等作为提取剂对抑菌活性大小的影响,最后以乙醇为提取剂,通过单因素和正交实验分别对苦参和甘草抑菌液提取条件进行了研究,获得最佳提取条件。     

Using ITS2 PCR-RFLP to generate molecular markers for authentication of Sophora flavescens Ait

BACKGROUND: Dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait. is a medicinal material occasionally misused or adulterated by other species similar in appearance. In this study the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of DNA samples of S. flavescens Ait. collected from different areas of Taiwan were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared. The effectiveness of using ITS2 PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)‐generated markers to differentiate S. flavescens Ait. from possible adulterants was also evaluated. RESULTS: The S. flavescens Ait. samples collected from different areas were extremely low in ITS sequence variability at species level. ITS2 PCR‐RFLP coupled with restriction enzymes Sac I, Sac II, Xho I or Pvu I produced specific fragments for all tested variants. ITS2 PCR‐RFLP coupled with Sac II was further performed to identify mixtures of DNA extracts of S. flavescens Ait. and Sophora tomentosa L. in various ratios. The developed ITS2 PCR‐RFLP markers could detect mixed DNA samples of S. flavescens Ait./S. tomentosa L. up to a ratio of 10:1. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the usefulness of ITS2 PCR‐RFLP coupled with pre‐selected restriction enzymes for practical and accurate authentication of S. flavescens Ait. The technique is also suitable for analysing S. flavescens Ait. mixed with other adulterants. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

马齿苋、车前草复合保健饮料的研制及其抗氧化作用研究

以马齿苋、车前草为主要原料,添加柠檬酸、蔗糖、蜂蜜等辅料,经过筛选配方和优化工艺,研制了马齿苋、车前草复合保健饮料;并采用化学模拟体系测定了该饮料抑制脂质体过氧化及清除·OH、O2·和DPPH·的能力。结果表明：主辅料用量均对该饮品的质量有较大影响,最佳配方为1000ml 饮料中含干马齿苋6.67g、干车前草 8.33g、白砂糖60g、蜂蜜12g、柠檬酸1.4g。马齿苋、车前草复合保健饮料对自由基的清除能力较强,其清除·OH、O2·、DPPH·和抑制脂质体过氧化的IC50 分别为96.2、201、4.76 和15.34mg/L(以总黄酮计) 。     

鱼腥草醇提取物对甲状腺片诱导的甲亢小鼠生理指标的影响研究

目的研究鱼腥草醇提取物对甲状腺片诱导的甲亢小鼠的影响。方法以鱼腥草为原料用无水乙醇进行提取,在应用甲状腺片灌胃并成功建立甲亢模型小鼠方法的基础上,将模型组40只雄性小鼠按每组10只,随机分为阴性对照组(negative control group, NM)及鱼腥草醇提取物低、中、高剂量组(分别记为R1、R2、R3)。另取10只雄性小鼠作为正常对照组(normal control group, NC),连续灌喂30 d。结果与正常组相比,模型组小鼠体重、摄食量、饮水量、肛温以及血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、TSH水平均有显著差异(P0.05),说明造模成功;与阴性对照组比,鱼腥草醇提取物各组肛温、血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4值及肾上腺和甲状腺脏器质量均显著降低(均P0.05);体重、血清TSH值显著升高(P0.05)。结论鱼腥草醇提取物具有有效改善甲状腺素诱导小鼠甲亢的作用,为进一步揭示其传统功效的作用机理积累了工作基础。     

龙葵果酒止咳化痰作用研究

为研究龙葵果酒的止咳、化痰作用,用浸泡制各龙葵果酒;采用浓氨水引咳法观察对小鼠的止咳作用;采用酚红排泌法观察对小鼠的化痰作用.结果表明,龙葵果酒延长了浓氨水引咳的咳嗽潜伏期、减少了咳嗽次数,能增加小鼠气管酚红排泌量.说明龙葵果酒有明显的止咳化痰作用.     

Fatty acid composition,enzyme inhibitory,and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetables in the Aegean region of Turkey

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetable in the Aegean region of Turkey. In general, Mentha piperita L., Rumex patientia L., and R. acetosella L. exhibited quite strong antioxidant activities in the majority of test systems, whereas Urtica dioica L. and Eruca sativa Mill. show quite weak antioxidant activities. Enzyme inhibitory activities of the plants were found quite different than those of their antioxidant activities. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., E. sativa, R. patientia, and E. cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. showed the highest inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively. U. dioica also showed a promising inhibitory activity on these enzymes. In parallel to the experiments, total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and saponin contents of the extracts were also determined. According to the results of these assays, M. piperita had the highest amounts of phenolics, flavonols, and saponins (162.36 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, 3.52 mg CEs/g extract and 761.54 mg QAEs/g extract, respectively). Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. and Lepidium sativum L. were found to be rich in flavonoid compounds (121.18 and 104.21 mg Res/g extract, respectively). In general, a strong correlation was determined between the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the plant species.     

Antioxidant activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract and its inhibitory effect on lipid and protein oxidation of pork patties during chilled storage

This experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant efficacy of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract (BCE) in raw pork patties during chilled storage. The extracting conditions of frozen BCE including ethanol concentrations (0-100%) and extracting times (0.25-12h) were studied. BCE extracted with 40% ethanol for 2h had the highest anthocyanin content, the strongest radical scavenging activities as well as the second strongest reducing power. BCE was condensed and added to pork patties at 5, 10 or 20 g/kg. Compared with the control, BCE treatments significantly decreased the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values and carbonyls formation and reduced the sulfhydryl loss of pork patties in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), which showed that the BCE significantly inhibited lipid and protein oxidation. The BCE-treated patties showed significantly higher redness (P<0.05) than the control. The findings demonstrated strong potential for BCE as a natural antioxidant in meat and meat products.     

The ability of Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to infest and damage seeds of different tropical legumes

The beetle Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) commonly infests and damages seeds of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in tropical Africa. Its ability to infest and damage eight other tropical legumes, Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thou., Cicer arietinum L., Lens culinaris Medik, Glycine max (L.) Merr. and two cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was determined. The beetle could not successfully complete its life cycle in seeds of V. subterranea, G. max, L. culinaris and P. vulgaris, but the others supported development to adult emergence. C. arietinum and V. radiata were as susceptible as V. unguiculata and could serve as primary or alternative hosts to the beetle.

In no-choice tests, there were no significant differences in the number of eggs laid by B. atrolineatus on each species or cultivar of legume. When simultaneously given seeds of V. unguiculata, V. angularis, V. radiata and C. arietinum, the beetle preferentially laid eggs on V. unguiculata.