新型食品乳化剂—乳蛋白质及其应用

牛乳中的蛋白质是最有营养价值的成份。它是由酪蛋白、乳清蛋白、乳球蛋白和其它的血清蛋白质所组成。荷兰DMV公司生产的乳蛋白质制品分为: (1) 酪蛋白——无机酸酪蛋白和乳酸酪蛋白。 (2) 酪朊酸盐——可溶性(Na+K和NH_4)可分散(Ca+Mg) (3) 乳清蛋白——乳清蛋白,乳球蛋白和次等乳清蛋白质成份。 (4) 复合乳蛋白质——及其沉淀物。在营养上,酪蛋白含有全部人体必需氨     

牛乳体细胞数与乳蛋白含量相关性的研究

对呼和浩特郊区一牧场30头荷斯坦乳牛进行6个月单个采样，共得427个有效样本，检测乳样中体细胞数、酪蛋白（包括α-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白）、乳清蛋白、总蛋白、游离氨基氮、酪蛋白／总蛋白和乳清蛋白／总蛋白。结果表明，乳中总蛋白、游离氨基氮含量及乳清蛋白／总蛋白与SCC呈显著正相关；酪蛋白／总蛋白与SCC呈显著负相关；乳清蛋白含量与SCC呈极显著正相关。酪蛋白、α-酪蛋白／酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白／酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白／酪蛋白与SCC的相关性不显著。酪蛋白含量与总蛋白含量呈极显著的正相关，与游离氨基氮含量、乳清蛋白／总蛋白呈极显著的负相关。乳清蛋白含量与游离氨基氮、总蛋白含量呈极显著正相关。     

山羊乳蛋白质及其组学分析

为探索山羊乳蛋白质的基本组成,利用蛋白质组学技术——功能强大的分离技术,结合高分辨率的质谱分析,以获得极其重要的乳蛋白信息。采用毛细管电泳法解析山羊乳中的宏量蛋白质,采用蛋白质组学技术分析山羊乳中乳清蛋白和乳脂肪球膜蛋白的种类和功能分布,以及乳粉加工工艺对山羊乳蛋白质组成的影响,并以牛乳蛋白质作比较。结果发现,通过蛋白质组学技术鉴定出山羊乳乳清蛋白103种,乳脂肪球膜蛋白121种;在热处理和均质过程中,乳清蛋白是首先变性的蛋白质,尤其是β-乳球蛋白,而乳脂肪球膜蛋白含量降低的同时会引起其中的β-乳球蛋白、β-酪蛋白及α-酪蛋白的含量显著增加。综上所述,蛋白质组学技术为山羊乳蛋白质的进一步研究奠定了基础,为研究加工过程中乳蛋白组分的变化提供了机会。     

SDS-PAGE测定乳基婴幼儿配方食品中乳清蛋白方法的研究

采用SDS-PAGE对乳基婴幼儿配方食品内乳清蛋白进行了分离和定量分析,优化了试验条件,简化了数据的处理方法。结果表明采用该法对乳粉内6种重要蛋白(α-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白和血清白蛋白)能实现较好地分离,依据乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的比值可以推算出乳清蛋白在乳粉内的含量。对乳清蛋白含量不同的乳粉及市售婴儿粉的测定表明,SDS-PAGE法是一种操作简便、准确快速测定乳粉内乳清蛋白含量的方法。     

乳类食物中β-酪蛋白的结构及营养功能

综述了人类母乳(以下简称母乳)和牛乳蛋白质中乳清蛋白与酪蛋白比例、相应蛋白质种类、含量及其营养特点,并重点叙述了酪蛋白的亚型及结构,母乳中含量最多的酪蛋白组分β-酪蛋白的消化特性、营养价值和促进钙铁等矿物质吸收、免疫调节和肠道健康促进等生物学功能的最新研究进展。由于牛乳蛋白质在组分含量和比例与母乳的差异,乳基婴幼儿配方粉中蛋白质的调整,既要考虑乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的比例,还需要进一步精细调整蛋白质亚组分的含量和比例,是当前乃至今后婴幼儿配方食品配方创新和工艺技术研发的重要方向。     

酪蛋白与乳清蛋白比例对酸奶凝胶性质的影响

研究了乳中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白比例对凝固型酸奶流变学特性和微观结构的影响,结果表明,固定蛋白质质量分数、降低酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的比例,可以明显提高酸奶凝胶的质量.乳中蛋白质质量分数一致时,酸奶凝胶的硬度、黏度、持水力随着酪蛋白和乳清蛋白比例的减小而增大,凝胶网络结构变得更规则、致密,孔隙更小.在低蛋白质质量分数下,降低乳中酪...     

乳蛋白共沉物的制备以及在食品工业中的应用

乳蛋白质共沉物（Co-precipitates），近年来由于其制造成本低，回收营养价值高，而且具有多种功能性质，日益受到世界乳品工业生产的重视，已成为乳品业又一重要产品和相关产业的一种重要原料物质．乳蛋白质并祝物是经过加热、加酸（或加钙）沉淀乳中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白，分离后加碱溶解后干燥得到的产品，此产品可以回收乳中90～95％的蛋白质，酪蛋白的产量比普通干酪产品提高7～21％，最可贵的是，该产品可回收60～75％以上的干酪素等产品不能利用，而营养价值很高的乳清蛋白．另外巾于产品是先经过沉淀脱水，其干燥成本远远低于脱胎乳粉…     

变性对转谷氨酰胺酶在乳蛋白间交联影响初探

利用SDS-PAGE电泳结合凝胶成像分析技术，比较了在非变性、加入还原剂变性和加热后再加入还原剂变性三种条件下转谷氨酰胺酶对酪蛋白和乳清蛋白之间的交联情况。结果表明：在非变性条件下，酪蛋白质量分数下降96％，乳清蛋白下降15％，酪蛋白和乳清蛋白几乎不能交联。超分子量聚合物是酪蛋白单一聚合物，α-乳白蛋白形成部分低聚体；在加入还原剂时，酪蛋白质量分数下降86％，乳清蛋白下降30％，反应4h后有少量乳清蛋白和酪蛋白中某一组分交联；预热更有助于酪蛋白和乳清蛋白聚合，在第三种条件下，反应24h后乳清蛋白下降60％。     

牛乳中不同部分蛋白质的组成及功能分析

本研究通过SDS-PAGE电泳将牛乳中不同蛋白质组成部分进行分离鉴定发现,乳脂肪球膜中存在201种蛋白,乳清中存在96种蛋白,酪蛋白中存在21种蛋白,乳粒中存在43种蛋白,其中有27种相同表达的蛋白。通过GO功能注释分析发现,在生物过程中乳脂肪球膜蛋白发挥的作用大于乳清、乳粒蛋白,尤其是生物的调控作用;在分子功能上,牛乳蛋白的主要分子功能是结合作用,其中乳脂肪球膜蛋白的结合作用最强;而乳粒蛋白参与的转运活性分子功能大于乳脂肪球膜、乳清蛋白。在细胞组成上,与乳清、乳粒蛋白相比乳脂肪球膜蛋白参与的细胞组成均较多,而在细胞膜的组成上乳粒蛋白参与较多。通过京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)代谢通路分析可知,乳脂肪球膜、乳清、乳粒中的蛋白均参与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路。对牛乳蛋白质组成进行研究,不仅能够增加牛乳的利用率,并且为日后以乳脂肪球膜、乳粒蛋白作为原料生产乳制品提供理论依据。     

牛乳清蛋白的性质及其在食品工业中的应用

一、乳清及乳清蛋自 （一）乳清 乳清是乳经酸凝乳或凝乳酶凝固后剩余的液态部分,是生产干酪和干酪素的副产物,呈黄绿色,总固形物含量一般为6刀％-6.5％,它包含鲜乳中近一半的营养成分。乳清中含有的营养成分基本上都是可溶的,如乳清蛋白、磷脂、乳糖、矿物质以及维生素等。 （二）乳清蛋白 乳清蛋白是酪蛋白沉淀后（PH=4.6）存在于乳清中的蛋白质。约占乳总蛋白质的 18％-20％。主要的乳清蛋白有a一乳白蛋白、b一乳球蛋白、血清白蛋白、免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白。乳清蛋白质与血浆蛋白质相近似,属于全价蛋白质,含有组成蛋白质的全部20种氨基酸,除含硫氨基酸的含量稍低外,其它几种必需氨基酸的含量均较高。     

乳蛋白功能特性及其分析检测技术研究进展

综述了不同乳蛋白组分的功能特性和生物活性,总结了目前关于乳蛋白质分离鉴定的方法,以期为乳蛋白营养价值综合利用提供参考,旨为进一步研究乳蛋白的分离制备和定性定量分析提供借鉴.     

Maximizing the value of milk through separation technologies.

Milk is the source of a wide range of proteins that deliver nutrition to the most promising new food products today. Isolated milk proteins are natural, trusted food ingredients with excellent functionality. Separation technologies provide the basis for adding value to milk through the production of proteins that provide the food industry with ingredients to meet specific needs, not possible with milk itself or with other ingredients. The major milk proteins, casein and whey protein, can be isolated by manipulating their compositional and physical properties and then by using various separation technologies to recover the proteins. Additionally, they can be processed in various ways to create a wide range of ingredients with diverse functional characteristics. These ingredients include milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, casein, caseinate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, hydrolysates, and various milk fractions. Within each of these ingredient categories, there is further differentiation according to the functional and nutritional requirements of the finished food. Adding value to milk by expanding from consumer products to ingredients often requires different technologies, marketing structure and distribution channels. The worldwide market for both consumer products and ingredients from milk continues to grow. Technology often precedes market demand. Methods for the commercial production of individual milk components now exist, and in the future as clinical evidence develops, the opportunity for adding value to dairy products as functional foods with health benefits may be achieved. The research and development of today will be the basis of those value-added milk products for tomorrow.     

贮藏期UHT奶中蛋白质组成结构及其糖基化的变化

通过测定UHT奶在贮藏过程中蛋白水解,蛋白在胶束相和乳清相的分布,乳蛋白糖基化位点变化,探究乳蛋白在贮藏过程中性质的变化。结果表明贮藏过程中UHT奶中菌落总数增大,纤溶酶含量增大。UHT奶在内外源酶的作用下乳蛋白发生不同程度的水解。热处理导致从胶束表面脱落的κ-CN和乳清蛋白以热诱导聚合物的形式,在贮藏过程中重新结合到胶束表面,从而使胶束粒径增大,牛乳表观黏度增大。贮藏过程中胶束Zeta电位逐渐降低,流动行为指数n逐渐降低,说明牛乳呈现出更明显的剪切变稀能力,暗示胶束结构更加松散。贮藏过程中UHT奶色泽加深,美拉德反应继续进行,其产物半乳糖基赖氨酸和Nε-羧甲基赖氨酸(CML)含量不断增加。     

复合米糠蛋白粉的研制与营养价值评价

以米糠蛋白粉和乳粉为原料,根据食物蛋白质互补原理并进行计算,得出最佳互补效果的复合米糠蛋白粉配方。通过大鼠生长实验和代谢实验对复合米糠蛋白粉进行营养价值评价并与乳粉和酪蛋白比较分析。结果表明：复合米糠蛋白粉的营养价值得到显著提高,校正蛋白质功效比值为2.45;蛋白质真消化率、生物学价值和蛋白质净利用率分别为(89.12±1.43)%、79.34±1.36、(67.53±1.24)%,各项指标均优于乳粉,与酪蛋白非常接近。复合米糠蛋白粉是优质的植物蛋白、动物蛋白复配高蛋白营养产品。     

Hydrolysis of Milk Protein by a Bacillus licheniformis Protease Specific for Acidic Amino Acid Residues

A serine protease, which preferentially cleaves peptide bonds at the carboxylic site of Glu and Asp was evaluated with milk proteins as substrate. The enzyme hydrolyzed casein almost 10 times more efficiently than whey protein. In the casein assay, whey protein did not inhibit the protease, but the enzyme activity in a chromogenic assay was severely inhibited by one whey protein, β-lactoglobulin. Capillary electrophoresis of β-lactoglobulin hydrolysate revealed a peptide profile corresponding to the numbers of susceptible bonds, The enzyme may provide advantages in preparation of functional protein fractions and in cheese ripening.     

驴乳中蛋白质组分的分离纯化与鉴定

目的：分离纯化并鉴定驴乳乳清中蛋白质组分,为进一步研究驴乳用于辅助治疗疾病,以及为作为人乳替代品提供参考。方法：采用DEAE-52 离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100 凝胶层析分离纯化驴乳乳清中蛋白质组分,并通过十二烷基硫酸钠--聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和高效凝胶渗透色谱法对所纯化蛋白质进行鉴定。结果：与牛乳乳清中蛋白组分相对比,发现驴乳乳清中存在3 种未知蛋白质,分子质量分别为32、70.1、72.2kD。结论：驴乳中除了含有与牛乳相似的营养成分外,还具有其他生物活性成分,它们可能是一些保护性蛋白,在机体的抗病机制方面起着重要作用。     

Physicochemical and functional properties of goat milk whey protein and casein obtained during different lactation stages

During lactation, goat milk contains colostrum, transitional milk, mature milk, and end milk. The protein present in goat milk during different lactation periods has different characteristics. This study aimed to characterize the protein profile of goat milk samples obtained at different lactation stages and to identify changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of whey protein and casein from goat milk collected at 1, 3, 15, 100, and 200 d after calving. The results demonstrated that the lactation period had a great influence on the physicochemical and functional properties of goat milk whey protein and casein, especially the protein properties of colostrum on the first day after delivery. The denaturation temperature, hydrophobicity, and turbidity of whey protein were significantly higher on the first day postpartum than at other lactation periods. Correspondingly, the colostrum whey protein also had better functional properties, such as emulsification, oil holding capacity, and foaming properties on the first day postpartum than at other lactation periods. For casein, the turbidity, particle size, water holding capacity, and foaming properties on the first day after delivery were significantly higher than those at other lactation periods, whereas the denaturation temperature, oil holding capacity, and emulsification followed the opposite trend. For both whey protein and casein, the 2 indicators of emulsifying properties, namely, emulsifying activity index and the emulsion stability, also followed an opposite trend relative to lactation stage, whereas the changes in foaming capacity with the lactation period were completely consistent with the change of foaming stability. These findings could provide useful information for the use of goat milk whey protein and casein obtained during different lactation stages in the dairy industry.     

Alteration in propagating colonic contractions by dairy proteins in isolated rat large intestine

Gastrointestinal conditions in which the transit of contents is altered may benefit from nutritional approaches to influencing health outcomes. Milk proteins modulate the transit of contents along different regions, suggesting that they have varying effects on neuromuscular function to alter gastrointestinal motility. We tested the hypothesis that bovine whey and casein milk protein hydrolysates could have direct modulatory effects on colonic motility patterns in isolated rat large intestine. Casein protein hydrolysate (CPH), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), and a milk protein hydrolysate (MPH; a hydrolyzed blend of 60% whey to 40% casein) were compared for their effects on spontaneous contractile waves. These contractions propagate along the length of the isolated intact large intestine (22 cm) between the proximal colon and rectum and were detected by measuring activity at 4 locations. Milk proteins were perfused through the tissue bath, and differences in contraction amplitude and frequency were quantified relative to pretreatment controls. Propagation frequency was decreased by CPH, increased by MPH, and unaffected by intact whey proteins. The reduced motility with CPH and increased motility with MPH indicate a direct action of these milk proteins on colon tissue and provide evidence for differential modulation by hydrolysate type. These findings mirror actions on lower gastrointestinal transit reported in vivo, with the exception of WPH, suggesting that other factors are required.     

Detection of adulteration of pasteurised milk with whey by determination of the casein-bound phosphorus and protein nitrogen content

A new method to detect the adulteration of pasteurised milk with whey is described. The method is based on the determination of casein-bound phosphorus (Pcas) and the protein nitrogen content in milk. By using a mean Pcas content (0.85 g P/100 g casein), a Kjeldahl factor of 6.34 and protein N, the relative casein-N content (casein N/protein N x 100) can be estimated. Over a period of one year the variation in the phosphorus factor of dried skimmed milk samples amounted to 2.9%. In order to calculate the percentage of added whey, a standard curve has been prepared in which the relative casein content is plotted against the corresponding whey percentage. The results of 26 analyses on genuine pasteurised milk (Pcas = 21.7 mg/100 ml; casein N/protein N = 80.9%) and on 25 whey samples were used for the standard curve. In laboratory-made blends of pasteurised milk and cheese whey (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%), the estimated percentage of whey varied between -1.2% and +2.9% from the actual value. The analysis of nine samples from the Brazilian market showed that four samples were clearly adulterated with cheese whey. Sweet and/or acid whey addition will be detected by the proposed method.