超声波对溶液中胶原蛋白聚集体和三股螺旋结构的影响

圆二色光谱法(CD)是表征胶原蛋白三股螺旋结构的常规方法,实验通过比较醋酸溶液中胶原蛋白热变性过程摩尔椭圆率(Em)和旋光度值(α)的变化,发现胶原溶液旋光度值的改变可以显示胶原的变性过程以及胶原聚集体和三股螺旋结构的情况.据此,研究表明在40 KHz、120 W的超声条件下,超声波的空化作用不足以破坏胶原蛋白的三股螺旋结构,只是使溶液中胶原的聚集体变得松散.超灵敏差示扫描量热法(US-DSC)的检测结果也证实了超声波对胶原溶液的这一作用.     

胶原蛋白酶解的研究进展

胶原蛋白特有的三股螺旋结构使其难于被人体吸收,将胶原蛋白水解为胶原多肽后,可显著提高其营养及生理功能.胶原蛋白的水解方式主要分化学降解法和酶解法.本文介绍了酶解法水解胶原蛋白的优点,重点阐述目前国内外在酶解胶原蛋白领域的研究成果,包括胶原蛋白质的水解方法、胶原蛋白的酶解工艺条件和胶原蛋白酶的水解特性与作用机理等方面的研究,并展望其研究发展方向.     

鮟鱇鱼皮胶原蛋白酶提取最优工艺研究与结构表征

为了研究提取鮟鱇鱼皮胶原蛋白的最优工艺,以鮟鱇鱼皮为研究对象,通过选取液料比、加酶量和酶解时间3个变量进行单因素试验,再根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,在单因素基础上采用三因素三水平响应面分析法(RSM),制备胃蛋白酶酶促溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)并对其进行理化性质分析。结果表明：鮟鱇鱼皮胶原蛋白最优提取工艺条件是4℃、液料比18:1、加酶量3%、提取时间48h,此条件下鮟鱇鱼皮胶原蛋白提取率为2.11%;氨基酸分析得鱼皮中Arg和Tyr含量分别为16%和18%;差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定PSC的热收缩温度为48.9℃;SDS-PAGE电泳显示胶原蛋白基本保留了三股螺旋结构;电子显微镜(SEM)扫描显示PSC呈多孔网状结构。     

海蜇伞部胶原蛋白的提取及理化性质的研究

研究海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)伞部胃蛋白酶促溶性胶原蛋白的提取及其部分理化性质。氨基酸组成及SDSPAGE显示,海蜇伞部胶原蛋白(PSC)为Ⅰ型胶原蛋白;含糖量为2.8%;热变性温度和热收缩温度分别为28.8℃和51.6℃,均低于牛皮Ⅰ型胶原;红外光谱显示PSC 保留了大量的三股螺旋结构;溶解性表明PSC 的等电点为pH6,在pH3 时有最大溶解度;酸性条件下盐浓度高于4%(m/V)时,PSC 的溶解度急剧下降。     

深海红鱼胶原蛋白的超声波辅助提取及其理化特性

首次通过响应曲面方法优化获得了超声波辅助提取深海红鱼(Sebastes mentella)胶原蛋白的最佳工艺:超声功率505W,超声时间15 min、提取时间18 h,在此条件下,胶原蛋白提取率(93.6%)与传统提取方法无显著性差异,但提取时间缩短了30 h。该胶原蛋白主要为I型,具有较低的亚氨基酸含量(16.0%),并且由于N末端和C末端非螺旋区的丢失,其分子结构有所改变,但大量氢键的存在使其特有的三股螺旋结构仍占主导地位。     

胶原蛋白涂覆棉纤维的研究

胶原蛋白具有独特的3股螺旋结构,优越的生物相容性和生物降解性,极具应用前景。为了进一步拓展纤维素的应用领域和开发新型绿色纤维素纤维,采用高碘酸钠对棉纤维进行局部有限选择性氧化,然后与胶原蛋白溶液反应,制备了涂覆胶原蛋白棉纤维。结果表明:经高碘酸钠有限氧化后棉纤维的断裂强度降低不明显;胶原蛋白分子通过席夫碱C N双键共价结合在棉纤维表面。     

酸法和酶法提取牦牛骨胶原蛋白的特性分析

以牦牛骨为原料,分别采用酸法和酶法提取胶原蛋白并进行理化性质分析。通过氨基酸组成、紫外光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热收缩温度、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和扫描电子显微镜图像分析对胶原蛋白进行比较。结果表明：2?种方法的提取物都为典型的胶原蛋白,在230?nm波长左右出现最大紫外吸收峰;酸溶胶原蛋白（acid-soluble collagen,ASC）和酶溶胶原蛋白（pepsin-soluble collagen,PSC）的热收缩温度分别为40.12?℃和40.94?℃,变性焓值分别为0.25?J/g和0.22?J/g;红外光谱及SDS-PAGE分析表明,ASC和PSC主要由α、β、γ三种亚基组分组成,属于I型胶原蛋白,且三股螺旋结构完整;扫描电子显微镜结果表明,2?种方法提取的胶原蛋白都保留了较为完整的纤维网状结构,但酸法提取的胶原蛋白结构分布相对均匀。综合来看,2?种方法所提胶原蛋白在理化特性上并无太大差别,但酶法提取的胶原蛋白得率较高,酸法提取成本较低。     

胶原蛋白在离子液中的溶解及流变特性

研究了胶原蛋白在氯化胆碱2ZnCl2离子液体中的溶解性及溶液的稳态流变性能,分别以水、乙醇、乙腈对胶原蛋白进行再生,采用傅里叶-红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线广角衍射(XRD)、热重示差扫描量热仪(DSC)等对再生胶原蛋白进行结构分析。氯化胆碱·2ZnCl2是胶原蛋白的直接溶剂,120℃时胶原蛋白在离子液体中的溶解度可达到11.3 g±0.2 g/100g。红外光谱显示,乙腈再生的胶原蛋白具有完整的三股螺旋结构,但结晶度、热稳定性都较原胶原蛋白样品有所降低。稳态剪切流变分析表明,随着溶液浓度的升高,胶原蛋白/离子液体溶液粘度增大,且随剪切速率的增大,粘度降低,呈现假塑型流体特性;当质量分数为3 g/100g时,溶液呈现显著的剪切变稀现象,且温度达到90℃,剪切速率为100 s-1时溶液基本失去粘性。     

牛骨胶原蛋白酶解工艺优化及结构特性分析

为研究前期纯化的特异性降解牛骨胶原蛋白的胶原蛋白酶(BSC)对牛骨胶原蛋白的酶解工艺,以水解度为响应值,在单因素试验基础上通过五元二次正交旋转组合试验,确定最佳酶解工艺为:反应温度46℃、牛骨胶原蛋白添加量5.14g/100mL、BSC添加量0.42g/100 mL、反应时间6h、pH 6.5,该工艺条件下水解度为34.98%。采用紫外光谱(UV)、荧光光谱(FS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)对牛骨胶原蛋白及其产物进行结构特性分析。通过UV分析表明BSC酶的降解作用破坏了牛骨胶原蛋白的三股螺旋结构,游离出大量的氨基酸;FS分析表明牛骨胶原蛋白分子表面C═O、CONH_2、COOH逐步增多,胶原蛋白肽中生色基团分布也随之发生变化;FT-IR分析可知牛骨胶原蛋白经降解后的胶原蛋白肽的肽链上—NH_2~+—排斥作用逐渐减弱,主要以β-转角为主;SEM表明酶破坏了牛骨胶原蛋白的表面分子结构,使其变得疏松。     

鱼皮ASE、PSC的提取和性质比较

针对鱼皮胶原蛋白ASC(acid soluble collagen)和PSC(pepsin soluble collagen)的提取和性质进行研究.经过SDS-凝胶电泳初步确定其为Ⅰ型胶原,蛋白的组成为(α1)2α2,氨基酸分析两种蛋白质都具有胶原蛋白的典型特征.两种蛋白之间在分子构型、氨基酸组成等方面的差异不明显.但从黏度变化、DSC分析来看,二者之间存在一定的差异.推测差异产生的原因与蛋白质制备方法有关,非螺旋区域对三螺旋的稳定性起着重要作用,非螺旋区域的分解大大降低了PSC对热的耐受性.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.