烤烟产区气候评价中综合赋权法的应用

在烤烟产区气候评价中,为了探索更加合理的指标赋权方法,采集云南12个典型烤烟产区的气候数据,利用单一和综合赋权法评价气候综合状况,并对赋权及评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）12个烤烟产区大田期均温在19.23~20.58℃,处于适宜水平,成熟期平均降水量达290.45 mm,雨量偏多,大田日照时数充足;（2）单一赋权法中权重系数最大的指标分别是旺长期降水量0.173（层次分析法）,旺长期均温0.143（标准差法）,旺长期均温0.195（熵权法）,单一赋权法的方差平均值（R_mean²）为2.36;（3）综合赋权法中权重系数最大和最小的指标均为旺长期均温（0.150、0.152、0.149）和全年日照时数（0.107、0.107、0.108）,R_mean²为0.44;（4）3种综合赋权法中,基于离差平方和的综合赋权法评价得分差距更大,基于博弈论的综合赋权法评价结果间相关性更好,基于单位化约束的综合赋权法评价得分的分值更高。较之单一赋权方法,综合赋权法的权重差异更小,评价结果的收敛性更好,能够在烤烟产区气候评价中更加合理地对不同气象指标进行赋权。     

陕西烤烟气候适宜性时空变化特征及风险分析

为考察气候变化对烤烟生长适宜性的影响,利用烤烟气候适宜性评价、气候趋势分析和气候风险度评价等方法,分析了陕西6个烤烟产区主要气候因素及烤烟气候适宜性指标的年际波动情况,探讨了1980—2015年间各产区烤烟种植主要限制气候因素以及气候因素的倾向率,并对各产区烤烟种植风险度进行了评价。结果显示,陕西各产区烤烟生育期间降雨量年际波动较大,是烤烟气候适宜性的主要限制因素。安康、汉中和商洛等区域烤烟气候综合适宜性较高,年际稳定性较好,适宜发展成为陕西核心烤烟种植区。气候趋势分析表明,陕西多数烤烟产区气温呈显著升高趋势,宝鸡和咸阳产区的烤烟气候适宜性显著提高。     

基于综合赋权法的烤烟烟叶质量评价

为建立更加合理的烟叶质量评价指标赋权方法,以江苏中烟工业有限责任公司云南11个基地单元的烟叶样本为研究对象,采用单一与综合赋权法评价烟叶质量的综合状况,并对赋权及评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明:①不同产区烟叶质量得分显示,烟叶的颜色、成熟度、叶片结构、身份较好,油分和色度稍弱;还原糖、糖碱比较高,总糖、总氮、氯及氮碱比适宜,总植物碱、钾含量、钾氯比稍低;香气质、香气量、透发性、细腻程度、柔和程度、圆润感及余味感官得分相近,烟叶评吸的杂气量较低,刺激性及干燥感均分相同。不同质量指标中标准差最大的是还原糖指标(5.76),最小的是余味指标(0.16);②单一赋权法中权重系数最大的分别为香气质指标0.086(层次分析法),还原糖指标0.119(标准差法),糖碱比指标0.251 9(熵值法),其方差平均值(R~2_(mean))为16.67;③3种综合赋权法中权重系数最大和最小的均为糖碱比指标(0.184、0.162、0.138)和氯含量指标(0.006、0.008、0.010),其方差平均值(R~2_(mean))为1.33;④3种综合赋权法中,基于离差平方和的综合赋权法评价得分差距更大,基于博弈论的综合赋权法评价结果间相关性更好,基于单位化约束的综合赋权法评价得分更高。3种综合赋权法较之单一赋权法计算得到的权重差异更小,评价结果更加一致,收敛性更好,与实际认知的符合度更高,能够在烤烟烟叶质量评价中更加合理地对不同质量指标进行赋权。     

基于气象因子的烤烟香型分区模型构建及应用

为了明确烤烟香型与气候间的关系,以33个不同香型烟叶典型产区的气象数据和烟叶香型为基础,采用逐步判别分析方法,建立了烤烟香型的气象因子评价模型,并利用全国2012年生产的480个烟叶样品对模型进行了验证。结果显示,该模型的判别正确率为86.2%。利用该模型和全国主要烤烟产区的气象因子对各产区烟叶香型的判别结果形成了全国烤烟香型分区图,明确了基于气象因子评价模型的浓香型、中间香型和清香型烟叶的分布区域。      

云南植烟土壤肥力状况的组合评价法研究

  目的  为建立更加科学、综合的植烟土壤评价方法,  方法  以江苏中烟云南12个基地单元的土壤样本为研究对象,采用单一与组合评价模型对其肥力状况进行评价,并结合组合评价的事前事后检验,最终筛选出最优的组合评价方法。  结果  结果表明:（1）不同烟区土壤肥力状况指标的差异规律不同,尤其是隶属度法、主成分分析法以及灰色关联度法的评价结果规律各异;（2）组合前不同方法得分排序的标准差最大值为1.53,组合后排序的标准差最大值为1.4。3种方法组合后得分最高和最低的烟区均为烟区8和烟区12,较组合前更加一致;（3）7种评价方法的Spearman系数分别为平均值组合法（0.92）、Copeland组合法（0.91）、Borda组合法（0.88）、模糊Borda法（0.86）、灰色关联度法（0.85）、隶属度函数法（0.77）、主成分分析法（0.68）,组合后的评价结果普遍好于单一评价结果;（4）平均值组合法的t_k值为7.42,评价结果表现最优。  结论  组合评价法集合单一评价得分排序结果,代表性、可靠性更高,适合于云南不同烟区植烟土壤肥力状况的综合评价。      

粗糙集在烤烟化学质量综合评价中的应用

  目的  探讨粗糙集在烤烟化学质量综合评价中的应用效果。  方法  以江苏中烟全国15个原料产区的烤烟烟叶样品的6项化学指标（总植物碱、总糖、还原糖、总氮、钾、氯）为研究对象,采用层次分析法、标准差法、基于博弈论的综合赋权法、粗糙集的代数表示法和信息表示法分别对烟叶化学质量的综合状况进行评价,并对赋权及评价结果进行对比。  结果  （1）不同产区烟叶化学指标的描述性统计显示,烟叶的总植物碱（2.44%）、总氮（1.96%）、钾（2.02%）和氯（0.3%）的平均含量较适宜,总糖（29.89%）和还原糖（25.67%）的平均含量较高;（2）层次分析法、标准差法和基于博弈论的综合赋权法中权重系数最大的分别是总植物碱指标（0.286）,总植物碱和总氮指标（0.180）,总植物碱指标（0.277）。区分度（η）分别为11.49（层次分析法）,10.68（标准差法）,11.36（基于博弈论的综合赋权法）;（3）粗糙集的代数表示法和信息表示法的赋权结果依次为还原糖指标（0.545、0.562）,总氮指标（0.273、0.250）,总植物碱指标（0.182、0.188）,η值分别为23.07和23.36;（4）不同决策方案等级相关系数的计算结果显示,粗糙集的信息表示法的一致性优于其他评价方法。  结论  粗糙集的信息表示法较之其他决策方案评价结果的区分度更高,与其他方法的相关性程度更好,适用于烤烟化学质量的综合评价。      

国内外主产烟区烤烟化学成分分析

为了鉴别国内外不同产地烤烟化学成分的差异,采用烟草行业标准方法对国内外主要烤烟产区294个烤烟样品的72个常规和香气化学指标进行了全面数据采集和统计分析。在国内主要烤烟产区之间,筛选出湖南、贵州、云南等主产区的差异性化学组分。在国外主要烤烟产区之间,筛选出巴西、津巴布韦、美国等产地烤烟的差异性化学指标。对国内外主要产区烤烟化学成分进行比较,发现国内烤烟的总氮、多酚、氯、钾、挥发酸、挥发碱、总植物碱、石油醚提取物等指标显著低于国外烤烟,而蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、糖碱比、氮碱比则显著高于国外烤烟。     

基于熵权-变异系数组合权重的金银花质量评价模型构建

目的 建立不同主产区金银花品质分析的综合评价模型,为促进行业健康发展提供依据。方法 选取抗病毒活性主要成分绿原酸、木犀草苷、咖啡酰奎宁酸；影响质量安全的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5个重金属指标以及二氧化硫残留和农残检出种类为评价指标,使用熵权法结合变异系数法计算组合权重,运用加权TOPSIS法、加权RSR法及两者模糊联合的方法进行综合评价。结果 运用组合权重,使用多种评价方法可以避免使用单一评价方法的缺点,可以在不偏离研究主题下,做到理论与实际的统一,同时能反映事物的变化规律。     

基于雷达图的烤烟外观质量综合评价

根据雷达图的特性,提出了基于雷达图的烤烟外观质量综合评价方法。先对烤烟外观质量评价指标数据进行标准化处理及非线性变换,再提取雷达图的面积和边长平方和作为综合评价指标的特征量,然后按评价函数计算各烤烟外观综合质量评价值,同时给出综合评价结果。并应用建立的方法进行了实例分析计算,结果表明,应用该方法对烤烟外观质量综合评价结果与外观质量定性评价结果一致。因此,雷达图法能够对烤烟外观综合质量进行准确评价,雷达图可以作为烤烟外观质量综合评价分析中的辅助工具。     

烤烟致香物质GC/MS指纹图谱在产区识别中的应用

为研究GC/MS指纹图谱在烤烟产区识别中的应用,实验采用同时蒸馏萃取烤烟中香气物质,GC/MS检测,构建了湖南、广西、贵州3个产区烤烟的致香物质标准指纹图谱。随机选取这3个产区及广东、河南的部分烤烟样品对建立的标准指纹图谱进行验证。结果表明,验证样品与其所属产区的标准指纹图谱相似度较高,而与其他产区标准指纹图谱的相似度较低,从而能准确的识别其所属产区。将几个产区烤烟样品的指纹图谱进行系统聚类分析,不同产区的烤烟能够很好的聚合到一类,表明构建的指纹图谱能够反映不同产区烤烟的风格特色,进一步验证了利用GC/MS指纹图谱结合系统聚类法对样品进行产区识别及风格特色定位的可行性。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.