响应面法优化玉米两步浸泡工艺

以玉米为原料,采用两步浸泡工艺提取淀粉,通过单因素试验考察第2步浸泡工艺中浸泡时间、浸泡温度和酸性蛋白酶添加量对淀粉得率的影响,并通过响应面法建立淀粉得率与浸泡时间、浸泡温度及蛋白酶添加量之间的关系。玉米浸泡的最优工艺条件：第1步浸泡温度52℃、浸泡时间3h;第2步浸泡温度51℃、浸泡时间2.25h、加酶量700U/g。拟合得到的模型较好的符合实际。该方法浸泡时间2.25h,淀粉得率64.9%。     

玉米酶法浸泡工艺的优化

玉米酶法浸泡是玉米淀粉生产中一种高效节能的浸泡工艺。以玉米为原料,通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察玉米酶法浸泡的浸泡时间、浸泡温度、加酶量和pH值对玉米浸泡效果的影响。实验结果表明,玉米酶法浸泡的最佳工艺条件为:浸泡时间4.0h、加酶量0.15ml/(100g玉米)、浸泡温度50℃、pH3.0。在该条件下,淀粉提取率提高到84.48%,与传统工艺相当;但成品中淀粉SO2质量分数0.013%,比传统工艺降低了27.78%。     

酶法提取绿豆淀粉工艺研究

以绿豆为原料,对酶法提取绿豆淀粉工艺进行研究。通过单因素试验,研究酶解温度、酶解时间、蛋白酶添加量、料液比对淀粉提取率影响;通过四因素三水平正交试验确定酶法提取绿豆淀粉工艺最佳参数为:酶解温度46℃、酶解时间4.5 h、蛋白酶添加量700 U/g、料液比1∶3;在此条件下,绿豆淀粉提取率为96.97%。     

利用蛋白酶发酵液替代SO_2改进玉米淀粉生产浸泡工艺研究

在确定了地衣芽孢杆菌蛋白酶摇瓶发酵工艺各项参数的基础上,采用改良的实验室生产淀粉方法,将处于产蛋白酶活性高峰期的发酵液添加到玉米浸泡水中,探讨了利用蛋白酶发酵液替代SO_2降解包裹玉米淀粉蛋白质的可行性和工艺条件。结果表明,当玉米在含有0.1%的SO_2(和0.5%的乳酸)的浸泡液中浸泡18h后,加入20%的蛋白酶发酵液继续浸泡6h,淀粉得率为67.79%。与传统工艺相比,淀粉得率提高了9.5%,SO_2含量降低了0.1%,总的玉米浸泡时间由36h缩短至24h。     

产中性蛋白酶菌种的选育及其在玉米淀粉生产浸泡工艺中的应用

从玉米淀粉生产企业的玉米浸泡水中筛选出可在中性pH值条件下降解蛋白质的菌种;经对该菌种进行原生质体紫外诱变处理,其蛋白酶活性提高了198%;将不同浓度的发酵液添加到玉米淀粉生产的浸泡水中,替代SO2。方差分析表明,菌液的作用时间和SO2含量对淀粉得率的影响显著。得到的优化组合为:玉米先在添加0.1%SO2的浸泡液中浸泡18h,然后在pH值7.0条件下加入20%的蛋白酶发酵液,继续浸泡10h。改进方法后获得的淀粉得率为67.71%,总的浸泡时间缩短至28h。     

产酸性蛋白酶微生物的筛选及其在玉米淀粉生产中的应用

分别从土壤和泡菜中筛选到适合玉米淀粉湿法加工浸泡条件(50℃,pH值3.5～5)的微生物,经形态学及分子生物学鉴定,初步确定该菌株为烟曲霉(Aspergillas fumigates);提取发酵液中的酸性蛋白酶粗酶进行酶学性质研究,发现该酶在50℃,pH值3.5～5下仍保持较高的稳定性;将发酵液应用于玉米淀粉湿法浸泡工艺中,优化的玉米浸泡条件为:浸泡温度50℃、乳酸含量0.5%、SO2含量0.08%,初次浸泡12 h,然后添加12%发酵液浸泡10 h。新工艺减少了环境污染,浸泡时间缩短了26 h,更有利于生产。     

湿法提取玉米淀粉的工艺优化

通过单因素和二次通用旋转试验研究浸泡时间、温度、NaHSO_3添加量、乳酸添加量对玉米淀粉提取率的影响,并比较了湿法提取的玉米淀粉与市售淀粉的理化指标、透明度、凝沉性、水吸收指数等性质。试验得出玉米淀粉最佳提取条件为:浸泡时间42h、浸泡温度55℃、NaHSO_3质量分数为0.5%、乳酸质量分数0.6%,淀粉提取率为63.07%。湿法提取玉米淀粉与市售玉米淀粉的理化性质接近;与市售玉米淀粉相比,湿法提取玉米淀粉的直链淀粉含量、透明度、水吸收指数、膨润力有所提高,但两者之间的性质差异均不显著。     

纤维素酶对玉米淀粉生产中浸泡效果的影响

本研究通过使用纤维素粗酶制剂对湿法生产玉米淀粉的浸泡工艺的影响进行了研究,结果表明,纤维素粗酶制剂能够显著地缩短玉米淀粉生产的浸泡时间,降低了二氧化硫的使用浓度,在0.1%的二氧化硫浓度的浸泡液中添加0.3%纤维素粗酶制剂,作用时间为12h,其淀粉得率为57.0%,而使用传统的逆流法工艺(实验室模拟)浸泡48h的淀粉得率仅为54.1%。     

酶法与碱法提取糜子淀粉的最佳工艺条件研究

采用酸性蛋白酶浸泡法和碱液浸泡法从糜子籽粒中提取淀粉。通过单因素试验确定酶法最佳提取工艺条件为:pH4.0,酸性蛋白酶体积分数2%,浸泡时间10h,浸泡温度50℃,此条件下淀粉提取率为70.12%。碱法最佳提取工艺条件为:pH11.0,料液比1∶5,浸泡时间8h,浸泡温度25℃,此条件下淀粉提取率为81.59%。     

天然糯玉米淀粉的提取工艺优化

支链淀粉含量高的糯玉米淀粉具有较好的理化性质,在食品工业具有较大的应用潜力。为确定糯玉米淀粉的最适提取工艺参数,该研究以糯玉米碴为原料,采用单因素试验研究浸泡液种类、浸泡液浓度、浸泡时间、浸泡温度对糯玉米淀粉提取的影响,基于单因素试验结果,采用Box-Behnken试验设计对糯玉米淀粉的提取工艺进行优化。糯玉米淀粉的最适提取工艺参数：亚硫酸浓度0.31%、浸泡时间4.45 h、浸泡温度51.4℃。在此优化条件下,糯玉米淀粉的提取率可达76.36%,淀粉含量可达99.40%,有效地缩短浸泡时间、降低能耗。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.