泡菜发酵乳酸菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

对吉林地区朝鲜族自制泡菜中的发酵乳酸菌进行分离鉴定,并对菌株耐药情况进行分析,以期为泡菜发酵菌的风险评估奠定基础。采集吉林省多个不同地区的泡菜制品,通过MRS培养基分离,16S rDNA测序,分析其乳酸菌种类及数量,同时采用平板琼脂稀释法进一步检测了分离菌对10 种临床常用抗生素的药物敏感性。结果表明,从15 份不同厂家泡菜中共分离得到34 株乳酸菌,分别为植物乳杆菌12 株,短乳杆菌5 株,鼠李糖乳杆菌3 株,干酪乳杆菌2 株,清酒杆菌2 株,肠膜明串珠菌2 株,嗜热链球菌2 株,食窦魏斯氏乳杆菌1 株,弯曲乳杆菌1 株,棒状乳杆菌1 株,嗜酸乳杆菌1 株,坚强肠球菌1 株,Lactobacillus namurensis 1 株。药敏实验结果表明,所有菌株对氨苄西林和氯霉素敏感,对其他抗生素均有不同程度的耐药性,其中对环丙沙星耐药率最高。     

六堡茶乳酸菌多样性及其降胆固醇特性分析

探究六堡茶渥堆发酵过程中乳酸菌多样性并筛选具有降胆固醇活性菌株，旨在评价其作为潜在益生菌的体外降胆固醇能力，预防人体因饮食不均衡导致的高血脂症。采用高通量测序、纯培养法分析不同渥堆发酵时期六堡茶中乳酸菌多样性，并对其体外降胆固醇能力、胃肠耐受性进行研究。结果表明，从25 个样品中共检测到乳酸菌4 个属（乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）和肠球菌属（Enterococcus））5 个种，其中乳杆菌属为优势菌。共分离得到76 株乳酸菌，包括55 株戊糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus pentosus）、3 株铅黄肠球菌（Enterococcus casseliflavus）、5 株类肠膜魏斯氏菌（Weissella paramesenteroides）、8 株希腊魏斯氏菌（Weissella hellenica）、5 株台湾乳球菌（Lactococcus taiwanensis）。通过乳酸菌体外降胆固醇实验，发现胆固醇去除率为0%～30%，其中戊糖乳杆菌L131的去除胆固醇率最高，为（29.56±0.37）%；在pH值分别约为3.0、8.0的人工胃液、人工胰液中，L131有最高存活率，分别为（92.70±0.71）%和（77.54±4.81）%，显著高于其他菌株（P＜0.05）。本研究探明六堡茶渥堆发酵过程中乳酸菌的多样性，且发现具有降胆固醇特性的优良乳酸菌株，为健康黑茶产品和茶源益生菌的开发提供理论基础。     

陕西省某养猪场4种细菌耐药性和毒力基因检测

目的研究陕西省某养猪场4种细菌的耐药性和毒力基因流行状况。方法采用纸片扩散法测定2015—2016年从陕西省扶风县某养猪场分离的85株大肠埃希菌、93株肠球菌、33株沙门菌和7株金黄色葡萄球菌对14种抗生素的耐药性。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法检测肠球菌和沙门菌携带的部分耐药基因,以及肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌携带的毒力基因。结果 7株金黄色葡萄球菌均对庆大霉素、阿米卡星、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢哌酮和头孢西丁敏感,对萘啶酸的耐药率(100.00%,7/7)高于其他抗生素,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=54.77,P0.05)。33株沙门菌均对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢哌酮和头孢西丁敏感,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑(100.00%,33/33)和四环素(96.97%,32/33)的耐药率高于其他9种抗生素,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.83,P0.05)。大肠埃希菌对四环素的耐药率(87.06%,74/85)高于其他13种抗生素,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.68,P0.05),对阿莫西林/克拉维酸和头孢西丁的耐药率较低。肠球菌对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率最高(97.85%,91/93)。肠球菌中aph(3′)-Ⅲ耐药基因的检出率最高(47.13%,41/87)。沙门菌中aadA1、aadA2耐药基因的检出率最高,均为84.85%(28/33)。肠球菌中毒力基因asal的检出率最高(50.57%,44/87)。金黄色葡萄球菌中sea、see和seb毒力基因的检出率分别为42.86%(3/7)、42.86%(3/7)和14.29%(1/7)。结论陕西省某养猪场中4种细菌的耐药现象较为严重,部分菌株携带常见毒力和耐药基因,需要进一步加强监测,科学使用抗生素,从源头上保障猪肉食品的安全。     

自贡市肉及其制品中粪肠球菌耐药性毒力基因和多位点序列分析

目的了解四川省自贡市肉及其制品分离粪肠球菌的抗生素耐药性和携带毒力基因情况,以及多重耐药菌株的序列分型(ST)。方法 2013年4月17~21日对147份肉及其制品样品污染的粪肠球菌进行分离鉴定,使用全自动微生物鉴定仪对分离菌株的耐药性进行检验,应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法检测分离到的粪肠球菌携带4种常见毒力基因的情况,并对多重耐药菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)研究。结果从147份肉及其制品样品中共分离到65株粪肠球菌,其中耐药菌株比例为58.5%(38/65);分离菌株对四环素的耐药率最高,为41.5%(27/65),对利福平、氯霉素和红霉素也均有较高的耐药率;分离菌株对高浓度链霉素和高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率分别达到了15.4%(10/65)和12.3%(8/65);未分离到对青霉素类(青霉素和氨苄西林)、糖肽类(万古霉素)和脂肽类(达托霉素)抗生素耐药的菌株。4种常见毒力基因(gel E、asa1、esp、cyl A)在65株分离株中均有携带,阳性率分别为56.9%(37/65)、21.5%(14/65)、9.2%(6/65)和7.7%(5/65)。14株多重耐药菌株共有9个MLST型别,包括4株ST16、2株ST81和2株ST480菌株,且相同ST型别的粪肠球菌有相似的耐药谱和毒力基因携带情况。结论四川省自贡市肉及其制品中相同ST型别的粪肠球菌有相似的耐药谱和毒力基因携带情况,应重视肉及其制品中耐药粪肠球菌对公众健康的潜在威胁。     

新疆动物原奶中肠球菌抗生素耐药性分析

采用K-B纸片扩散法对从新疆常见食用性动物原奶中筛选出的17株肠球菌（Enterococcus spp.）进行10种抗生素耐药性检测。耐药谱结果显示,17株肠球菌对新霉素和卡那霉素均为100%敏感;对链霉素耐药率较高,为94.12%;对其余7种抗生素均表现出不同程度的耐药性,对萘啶酸和四环素的耐药率分别为35.29%和23.53%;对利福平、红霉素、头孢噻肟和氨苄西林等抗生素敏感或中度敏感。其中超过50%的菌株能耐受4～5种抗生素,表明新疆地区少数民族食用乳品中肠球菌均存在耐药性,部分肠球菌具有多重耐药,仍需进一步对肠球菌耐药传播进行监测。     

新疆特色干酪中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

从新疆不同牧区采集工艺不同的干酪制品,对其中的乳酸菌进行分离纯化、生理生化性质试验和16S rRNA分析.结果表明,分离、纯化出的104株乳酸菌种,有82株为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),12株为肠球菌属(Enterococcus),10株为魏斯氏菌属(Weissella).利用16S rRNA序列同源分析和系统发育树分析对具有不同生理生化特性的代表菌株进行了分子鉴定,鉴定结果为TNM-2与干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)、Y5-4与食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)、NS2-2与植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)的同源性达到100％,NM-2与瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、Y1-1与马乳酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens)、WG与耐久肠球菌(Enterococcus durans)的同源性达到99％.     

UHT杀菌乳中耐热菌的分离与鉴定

采用2种不同的细菌富集方式对5种不同品牌UHT（Ultra High Temperature）杀菌牛乳中残留的细菌进行了分离，得到18株细菌，并对它们进行了耐热性和细菌学鉴定试验。结果表明，18株细菌全部耐热，初步将其归为3个属。其中，片球菌属10株，均为戊糖片球菌，肠球菌属3株，1株类鸟肠球菌，2株粪肠球菌；微球菌属5株，1株嗜冷微球菌，4株变异微球菌。虽然这些耐热菌均为非致病菌，但是遇到适宜条件，这些耐热菌会生长繁殖，导致乳产品在贮藏和流通过程中发生变质。     

甘肃肃南牧区传统发酵乳中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

以5份甘肃肃南牧区传统发酵乳制品为原料进行乳酸菌的分离和鉴定,共分离出25株乳酸菌.对其中23株产乳酸的菌株利用形态、生理生化分析和碳水化合物发酵产酸实验进行鉴定.经鉴定得出23株分属为4个属,11个种.其中乳杆菌属[Lactobacillus(L.)]11株,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)6株,明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)3株,肠球菌属(Enterococcus)3株.具体来说,L.plantarum 6株、L.fermentum 2株、L.brevis 1株、L.minor 2株、L.lactis subsp.lactis 3株、L.lactis subsp.cermoris 3株、L.mesenteroides 1株、L.lactis 2株、E.faecium 1株、E.faecalis 1株、E.durans 1株.L.plantarum占分离菌株的26.1%,是优势菌株.     

内蒙古牧区乳酸球菌的分离鉴定及耐药表型分析

为探明内蒙古牧区自然发酵乳制品中乳酸球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药情况,对采自内蒙古四子王旗和达尔罕茂明安联合旗牧区的自然发酵乳制品中的乳酸菌进行分离纯化,并用二倍稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC),选取4株耐药和1株中介的乳酸球菌进行生理生化鉴定及16S rRNA同源性分析。MIC的测定结果显示,18株试验菌株对3种氟喹诺酮类药物均呈现不同程度的耐药,对左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星的耐药率均为88.9%。鉴定结果表明,选取的5株试验菌株中,SB4、SB26、DM41为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),DM22、DM33为坚强肠球菌(Enterococcus durans)。     

扬州稀甜酱中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及抑菌活性初探

以扬州稀甜酱为研究对象,采用经典乳酸菌筛选法从样品中分离、纯化乳酸菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析对乳酸菌进行鉴定,并采用牛津杯法对发酵滤液的抑菌活性进行研究。结果表明,从扬州稀甜酱中共分离、纯化出33株乳酸菌,其中15株菌株被鉴定为屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）,12株菌株被鉴定为乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）,4株菌株被鉴定为类肠膜魏斯氏菌（Weissella paramesenteroides）,2株菌株被鉴定为酸鱼乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidipiscis）,屎肠球菌和乳酸片球菌为扬州稀甜酱中的优势乳酸菌。乳酸片球菌TJ17和TJ31发酵滤液对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes）和大肠埃希氏菌（Escherichia coli）均有明显的抑制作用,且乳酸片球菌TJ31抑菌效果较好。     

Species distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci isolated from food of animal origin in Germany

Presently, enterococci take the third place of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, after staphylococci and Escherichia coli. Especially, the resistances of enterococci to several available antibiotics are threatening. We attempted to determine which species of enterococci could be found in food of animal origin and their significance according to their antibiotic resistances for human beings. From November 2000 to May 2002 we investigated 155 samples of food of animal origin bought in retail outlets in Germany: 27 samples of sausages, 19 of ham, 83 of minced meat, 26 of cheese. From these food samples we isolated 416 enterococcal strains. The most frequent species was Enterococcus faecalis (299 strains); furthermore, we found Enterococcus faecium (54 strains), Enterococcus durans together with Enterococcus hirae (24 strains), Enterococcus casseliflavus (22 strains), Enterococcus avium (9 strains) and Enterococcus gallinarum (8 strains). We focused on the resistance patterns of 118 selected E. faecium and E. faecalis strains to 13 antimicrobial active agents (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, avilamycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, flavomycin, gentamicin, penicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, teicoplanin, tetracycline and vancomycin). From the clinical point of view, the situation of antibiotic resistance to the examined antimicrobial agents seemed to be favourable. The investigated strains were sensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. These antibiotics are, in combination with an aminoglycoside, for example gentamicin, agents of choice for the treatment of enterococcal infections in human medicine. Only one E. faecium strain was resistant to penicillin, while all strains were sensitive to the glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistances found against the antibiotics, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin and erythromycin, are causes for concern.     

Prevalence,characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from traditional cheeses in Turkey

The aim of the present work is to provide information about Enterococcus strains isolated from traditional Turkish cheese samples in Ankara (Turkey), focusing on their prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and antibiotic resistance. A total of 213 probable enterococcal isolates isolated from 215 samples were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. As a result of 16S rDNA sequence analysis, 88 of the 213 enterococci strains were identified as Enterococcus faecium and 125 as Enterococcus faecalis. The E. faecalis strains (58.7%) were identified as the dominant species isolated from cheese samples in Turkey. The 213 Enterococcus strains were tested for susceptibility to 12 different antimicrobial agents. The resistance phenotype were as follow: nalidixic acid (100%), kanamycin (98.6%), rifampicin (78.4%), ampicillin (48.8%), ciprofloxacin (45.5%), erythromycin (18.8%), tetracycline (11.7%), penicillin G (5.6%), chloramphenicol (4.2%), gentamycin (3.8%) and streptomycin (1.4%). None of the strains was resistant to vancomycin. E. faecium strains showed more resistant phenotypes than E. faecalis strains as shown by the antibiotic resistance levels. It was also observed that the resistance of E. faecium and E. faecalis strains against the antibiotics was statistically significant (p ? 0.05). In total, 100% of E. faecium and 88.8% of E. faecalis strains were resistant to multiple drugs.     

组合抗生素抗性选育多杀菌素高产菌株

通过2种途径向菌株ASAGF W2引入链霉素、庆大霉素、利福平和氯霉素抗性,研究抗生素抗性筛选技术对选育多杀菌素高产菌株的作用效果。途径一是将4种抗生素的抗性通过含有抗生素的平板逐级引入,标记为非GYM组;途径二是将分离得到的抗性突变菌进行纯培养后通过抗生素平板引入下一种抗性,标记为GYM组,利用摇瓶发酵进行多杀菌素高产菌株的选育。结果显示非GYM组的方法是进行抗生素抗性筛选的较适途径;通过对高产菌株连续转接5次,最终获得4株遗传稳定的高产突变菌,其中突变菌13-8-1来自非GYM组,具有Str~(0.5)Gen~(10)双重抗性,多杀菌素平均发酵产量较出发菌株ASAGF W2提高了23.87%。利用抗生素抗性筛选技术选育多杀菌素高产菌株,简单易行且效果显著。     

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Enterococcus strains isolated from Turkish Tulum cheese

The aim of this study was to detect the plasmid profiles, haemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 47 Enterococcus strains isolated from Turkish Tulum cheese. Enterococcus strains were found to comprise 1–9 plasmids with molecular weight from 2.0 to 47.6 kb. None of the Enterococcus strains displayed haemolytic activity. The Enterococcus strains were found mostly resistant to tetracycline (30 μg) followed by high‐level streptomycin (300 μg). The Enterococcus faecalis strains were found to be highly resistant to antibiotics than Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans strains. In total, 4.3% of the strains exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance patterns.     

北京市集贸市场生鲜猪肉肠球菌的耐药特征分析

目的了解北京市某大型集贸市场内部环境样品和零售生鲜猪肉中分离肠球菌的耐药性特征。方法采用肉汤稀释法测定86株肠球菌对10种临床常用抗生素的药物敏感性。结果 86株肠球菌对四环素、红霉素、高浓度链霉素、环丙沙星、高浓度庆大霉素和氯霉素的耐药率分别为67.44%(58/86)、54.65%(47/86)、38.37%(33/86)、26.74%(23/86)、23.26%(20/86)和20.93%(18/86),耐3种以上抗生素的多重耐药肠球菌有30株,占34.88%,耐药谱共有22种。所有肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素和万古霉素均敏感。耐药谱型分析发现,不同样品来源肠球菌的耐药谱差异较大。另外,本研究从国内食品中分离到对达托霉素耐药的肠球菌,此前我国未见相关报道。结论北京市集贸市场内部环境和零售生鲜猪肉中分离的肠球菌耐药严重,并呈现一定的耐药谱型差异,而且分离到达托霉素耐药株,应引起关注。     

A survey on biotechnological potential and safety of the novel Enterococcus species of dairy origin, E. italicus

The biotechnological and safety properties of the novel enterococcal species of dairy origin, Enterococcus italicus, were investigated. The strains of the species showed technological characteristics related to their use as adjunct cultures in the production of artisanal cheeses. They were susceptible or poorly resistant to several clinical relevant antibiotics. Moreover, E. italicus strains were associated with low virulence profiles, as verified by screening for the presence of 33 different genes encoding antibiotic resistance and known virulence factors in the genus Enterococcus. From the data obtained, we deduce that the presence of E. italicus strains in cheeses results in a low health risk and that within the species new safe adjunct cultures for the dairy industry could be found.     

Enterococci in foods--a conundrum for food safety

Enterococci form part of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of importance in foods. They can spoil processed meats but they are on the other hand important for ripening and aroma development of certain traditional cheeses and sausages, especially those produced in the Mediterranean area. Enterococci are also used as human probiotics. However, they are important nosocomial pathogens that cause bacteraemia, endocarditis and other infections. Some strains are resistant to many antibiotics, but antibiotic resistance alone cannot explain the virulence of some of these bacteria. Virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins and haemolysin have been described. The role of enterococci in disease has raised questions on their safety for use in foods or as probiotics. Studies on the incidence of virulence traits among enterococcal strains isolated from food showed that some harbour virulence traits and generally, Enterococcus faecalis harbours more of them than Enterococcus faecium. Regulations in Europe stipulate that safety of probiotic or starter strains is the responsibility of the producer; therefore, each strain intended for such use should be carefully evaluated. For numerous questions, immediate answers are not fully available. It is therefore suggested that when considering an Enterococcus strain for use as a starter or probiotic culture, it is imperative that each particular strain should be carefully evaluated for the presence of all known virulence factors. Ideally, such strains should harbour no virulence determinants and should be sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics. In general, E. faecium appears to pose a lower risk for use in foods, because these strains generally harbour fewer recognised virulence determinants than E. faecalis. Generally, the incidence of such virulence determinants among E. faecium strains is low, as compared to E. faecalis strains, probably as a result of the presence of pheromone-responsive plasmids.     

2015~2018年北京市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的 掌握北京市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的耐药谱和耐药趋势。方法 收集2015?2018年北京市食源性致病菌监测网分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌103株, 采用CLSI推荐的微量肉汤稀释法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对11种常用抗生素的敏感性。结果 103株菌中有102株表现为对至少1种抗生素耐药, 耐药率排在前三位的是青霉素、红霉素和克林霉素, 其中对青霉素的耐药率最高, 为99.0%。检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌8株, 占7.8%, 未见万古霉素耐药株。45.6%(47/103)的菌株同时耐受3类和3类以上抗生素, 表现为多重耐药, 同时耐受抗生素种类最高为7类。共存在26种耐药谱, 优势耐药谱为青霉素、青霉素-红霉素-克林霉素-复方新诺明-庆大霉素和青霉素-红霉素。结论 2015~2018年北京市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌整体耐药水平较高, 且多重耐药情况严重, 并出现MRSA株, 应继续加强北京市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性监测。     

Gene transfer of vancomycin and tetracycline resistances among Enterococcus faecalis during cheese and sausage fermentations

This study assessed the frequency of transfer of two mobile genetic elements coding for virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance factors, into food associated enterococci during fermentation processes. First, the transfer of the pheromone-inducible pCF10 plasmid, carrying tetracycline resistance and aggregation substance (AS) as virulence factor, between clinical and food strains of Enterococcus faecalis, was investigated in models of cheese and fermented sausage. The experiments demonstrated that even in the absence of selective tetracycline pressure, plasmid pCF10 was transferred from E. faecalis OG1rf cells to food strain E. faecalis BF3098c and that the plasmid subsequently persisted in these environments. Very high frequency of transfer was observed in sausage (10(-3)/recipient) if compared to cheese (10(-6)) and plate mating (10(-4)). Transconjugants were subsequently verified by PCR. The second transmissible element was the plasmid harbouring the vancomycin resistance (VanA phenotype) from E. faecalis A256. The transfer of this antibiotic resistance to a food strain of E. faecalis was studied in vitro and in food models. Although the transfer of vancomycin resistance was achieved in all the environments, the highest conjugation frequencies were observed during the ripening of fermented sausages, reaching 10(-3) transconjugants/recipient cell. PCR confirmed the transfer of the VanA genotype into a food associated Enterococcus strain. This study showed that even in the absence of selective pressure, mobile genetic elements carrying antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants can be transferred at high frequency to food associated enterococci during cheese and sausage fermentation.