对甲基苯甲酸连接的氯霉素全抗原合成与鉴定

以对氯甲基苯甲酸(CBA)或对氯甲基苯甲酸甲酯(MCB)分别与氯霉素(CAP)反应合成氯霉素-对甲基苯甲酸半抗原(CAP-MBAⅠ、CAP-MBAⅡ),再与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联制备全抗原;通过紫外、荧光光谱扫描定性鉴定合成成功;bradford法结合TNBS法定量计算出全抗原表面半抗原密度(HD)。再将CAP-MBAⅡ与卵清蛋白(OVA)合成包被抗原(CAP-MBAⅡ-OVA),间接竞争ELISA计算其抑制率。研究结果表明,半抗原全抗原偶联效率优于CAP-MBAⅠ,MCB与CAP反应合成的半抗原CAP-MBAⅡ更适合蛋白偶联。采用CAP-MBAⅡ-OVA作为包被抗原可以提高ELISA检测的抑制率从而增加其灵敏度。     

氯唑西林人工抗原的合成及其抗体的制备

为建立氯唑西林(cloxacillin,CLOX)残留的酶联免疫(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay,ELISA)检测方法,试验采用碳化二亚胺法,将氯唑西林偶联于载体蛋白牛清蛋白(Bovine albumin,BSA)和卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA),制得免疫抗原(CLOX-BSA)和包被抗原(CLOX-OVA),并通过红外光谱扫描(infrared spectroscopy,IR)鉴定表明CLOX人工抗原合成成功。用免疫抗原免疫5只小鼠,制备CLOX多克隆抗体,通过间接ELISA法测定其对CLOX的效价及特异性。结果表明:用CLOX-BSA免疫制备的抗体效价达1∶64000以上,特异性较强,对CLOX的半抑制质量浓度IC50值为(5.64±0.03)ng/mL,IC15值为(22.43±0.02)ng/mL。说明试验得到了灵敏度高、特异性强及具有开发性的抗体,可为食品安全检验试剂盒的开发提供基础。     

苯甲酸人工抗原的合成与免疫效价的测定

通过苯甲酸的衍生物邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)的氨解法将苯甲酸(BA)偶联到载体蛋白上合成苯甲酸的人工抗原:免疫原苯甲酸-鸡卵清蛋白(BA-OVA)和包被原苯甲酸-牛血清白蛋白(BA-BSA).通过紫外光谱扫描、红外光谱扫描及SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法检测鉴定人工抗原,并用免疫原(BA-OVA)免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测抗体的生成.结果表明,苯甲酸人工抗原的合成成功.根据邻苯二甲酸酐、人工抗原和载体蛋白的紫外吸收值,计算出免疫原中苯甲酸(BA)与载体鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)的偶联比约为174:1.免疫小鼠血清中的抗体通过ELISA法检测为阳性(血清效价达到了1:3.2×10<'5>),表明合成的抗原已诱导出针对苯甲酸的特异性抗体生成,为进一步的苯甲酸单克隆抗体制各和免疫检测提供可靠的免疫原.     

罗丹明123人工抗原的合成及抗体的酶联免疫检测

为建立罗丹明B(rhodamine B)的免疫分析方法,采用戊二醛法,将半抗原罗丹明123与载体牛血清白蛋白(BSA)及卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备免疫抗原R123-B S A和包被抗原R123-OVA。经动物免疫实验证实人工抗原合成,并制备抗罗丹明123的多克隆抗体,此抗体同时能够检测食品中的罗丹明B,且最低检测限为0.001ng/mL。     

莱克多巴胺和土霉素人工抗原的合成及鉴定

研究莱克多巴胺和土霉素免疫抗原的制备。实验中用碳二亚胺法将莱克多巴胺(ractopamine,RAC)与载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)偶联,制备完全抗原;采用混合酸酐法将土霉素(oxytetracycline,OTC)与载体蛋白BSA偶联,制备完全抗原,并对合成产物进行表征。紫外扫描对合成产物RAC-BSA、OTC-BSA进行鉴定结果显示偶联成功,经重氮化后利用混合酸酐法制备完全抗原的偶联比为5:1;经衍生后利用碳二亚胺法制备RAC完全抗原偶联比为7:1。利用制备的免疫原免疫兔子可以获得相应的抗体。     

强力霉素人工抗原的合成与抗体制备

采用改进的碳二亚胺两步法将强力霉素半抗原与载体蛋白BSA连接制备强力霉素-牛血清白蛋白(BSA-DC)人工免疫抗原,并用同样方法将强力霉素与载体蛋白OVA连接制备人强力霉素-卵清白蛋白(OVA-DC)人工包被抗原。经紫外扫描分析和动物免疫试验证实:强力霉素人工抗原合成成功,强力霉素与BSA的结合比为3∶1,经动物免疫试验所得抗血清效价为2.048×106,完全能够满足强力霉素残留的ELISA检测要求。     

环丙沙星衍生物的制备及其抗体特异性研究

本文研究了环丙沙星(CPLX)羧基衍生物及其抗体的制备,并对该衍生物抗体的特异性进行了测定。将环丙沙星与3-溴丙酸反应,生成环丙沙星的羧基衍生物(CPLX-COOH),通过制备液相进行纯化,用红外光谱(IR)、电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)与核磁共振法(NMR)进行鉴定;将环丙沙星衍生物分别与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)进行偶联,分别制备免疫抗原(CPLX-COOH-BSA)和包被抗原(CPLX-COOH-OVA),并用紫外光谱法进行鉴定。用免疫抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备环丙沙星衍生物多克隆抗体。通过ELISA方阵滴定法,确定包被抗原的最佳包被浓度和抗体最佳稀释度,建立了CPLX-COOH间接竞争ELISA检测方法,其半抑制浓度IC50为228.56 ng/mL,最低检出限(LOD)为25.527 ng/mL,该抗体具有广谱特异性,可与多种氟喹诺酮类药物发生交叉反应,可进行氟喹诺酮类药物残留的多元检测。     

孔雀石绿多克隆抗体的制备与筛选

设计并成功合成了三种孔雀石绿半抗原,所有半抗原均采用活化酯法分别与血匙兰蛋白(KLH)偶联制备成免疫抗原,与卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备成包被抗原。利用所制备的三种免疫原免疫新西兰大耳白兔都获得了高效价的抗孔雀石绿抗体,并将每一种抗体都与三种包被抗原进行组合配对,通过间接竞争酶联免疫吸附检测(ELISA)方法筛选出最佳的抗体-包被抗原组合,筛选出的抗体采用Sepharose FF-Protein A亲和层析柱纯化,采用间接ELISA法测定效价及鉴定特异性。经测定筛选出的抗体效价达到1:12000,IC50值为0.65 ng/mL,交叉反应表明该抗体有较好的特异性,与结构类似物结晶紫的交叉反应率为18.73%,与隐性孔雀石绿及隐性结晶紫的交叉反应率低于10%。本研究为建立快速检测食品中孔雀石绿残留的免疫分析方法奠定了基础。     

盐酸西布曲明人工抗原的合成与鉴定

目的：建立盐酸西布曲明的免疫分析方法。方法：4-氯苯乙腈和1, 3-二溴丙烷为原料合成与盐酸西布曲明具有相同母核结构的小分子双去甲基西布曲明(M2),以双去甲基西布曲明为半抗原,并分别通过活泼酯法、戊二醛法和混合酸酐法将半抗原与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备免疫原(M2-BSA)和包被抗原(M2-OVA)。结果：紫外光谱扫描证明半抗原M2与载体蛋白偶联比为24.6:1(M2-BSA)和16.2:1(M2-OVA),抗血清ELISA效价均达到1:8000以上,IC50=0.42μg/mL。结论：半抗原M2与载体蛋白均已成功偶联,其中活泼酯法对半抗原活性基团的影响最小,合成人工抗原的特异性最强。     

沙丁胺醇多克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为了对沙丁胺醇进行酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定,通过四种方法制备沙丁胺醇衍生物,分别将其与牛血清蛋白(BSA)、卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联,制备人工完全抗原,采用紫外分光光度法测定蛋白质浓度并计算偶联比,用所制备的四种免疫原免疫新西兰白兔获得抗沙丁胺醇(SAL)抗体,每一种抗体都用四种包被抗原进行配对筛选,据此得到最佳的抗体-包被抗原的组合,对筛选出的抗体用正辛酸-硫酸铵法进行纯化,采用间接ELISA法测定多克隆抗体(pAb)的效价并进行特异性鉴定。结果表明:成功偶联了完全抗原,四种免疫原的偶联比分别为9:1、6:1、6:1、12:1,得到最佳的抗体-包被抗原的组合,筛选出的抗体效价达到1:64000,此抗体对克伦特罗和特布他林的交叉反应率分别为144%和169%,对其他类似物几乎没有交叉反应。本研究为沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和特布他林多残留酶联免疫检测法的建立奠定了基础。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status