再造烟叶主要化学组分的AOTF-NIR在线监测

为了在线监控造纸法再造烟叶产品的质量,采用声光可调近红外光谱技术(AOTF-NIR),结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立了造纸法再造烟叶中烟碱、总糖、还原糖、钾离子和氯离子在线预测模型,并结合SPC理论对再造烟叶产品主要化学组分进行了在线监控.结果表明,烟碱、总糖、还原糖、钾离子和氯离子模型预测的平均相对偏差分别为2.10%,2.03%,2.48%,2.91%和2.01%,这些模型结合SPC理论可实现对再造烟叶产品主要化学组分的在线监控.     

声光可调-NIR法预测烟草中的总烟碱、总糖、还原糖和总氮

采用声光可调(AOTF)-近红外光谱(NIR)仪和Unscrambler化学计量学光谱分析软件,通过旋转扫描的方式测定了534个不同年份、不同地区、不同等级国产烤烟烟叶样品的NIR,采用PLS1建立了测定烟草中总烟碱、总糖、还原糖和总氮的校正模型,并用这些模型对41个未知烤烟烟叶样品进行了预测。结果表明:总烟碱、总糖、还原糖和总氮含量的NIR预测模型的决定系数R2分别为0.9869、0.9851、0.9733和0.9721,预测的平均相对偏差分别为4.21%、2.23%、2.91%和3.60%。AOTF-NIR技术适用于烟草中总烟碱、总糖、还原糖和总氮含量的快速分析。     

近红外透射法预测再造烟叶中的5种主要化学成分

为了解近红外(NIR)透射法预测再造烟叶中烟碱、总糖、还原糖、总氮和钾含量的可行性,以100个有代表性的再造烟叶样品作为模型校正集,15个样品为验证集,通过偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了这5种成分的NIR透射模型,并对模型的预测效果和重复性进行评价.结果表明:①烟碱、总糖、还原糖、总氮和钾NIR透射模型的相关系数分别为0.9268、0.9575、0.9252、0.8024和0.9665;除烟碱外,总糖、还原糖和总氮模型平均相对预测偏差均低于5%,钾的模型平均绝对预测偏差低于0.20;5种化学成分模型的预测相对标准偏差都低于5%;②NIR透射模型的预测精确度比漫反射法略低.NIR透射法适合于批量再造烟叶样品中烟碱、总糖、还原糖、总氮和钾含量的快速分析.     

近红外快速定量分析烟草化学成分模型的建立

采用近红外光谱分析技术,运用统计学方法建立近红外光谱与烟草化学成分中总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮的检测模型,并通过计算决定系数、校正标准差与检验标准差之间的比值,对模型进行评价。结果表明:所建立的模型可以用于预测未知烟草样品的总糖、还原糖、烟碱的含量,具有很大的实用价值。     

类芽孢杆菌发酵原料浸提液提升再造烟叶品质

为提升再造烟叶品质,利用烟草中分离的类芽孢杆菌制备静息细胞,对再造烟叶原料浸提液进行发酵处理;采用连续流动分析、气质联用仪（GC-MS）、热裂解-气相色谱质谱（Py-GC/MS）等方法,测定了发酵过程中浸提液中蛋白质、还原糖、氨基酸含量变化;分析了其主要挥发性香味成分;并利用发酵浸提液浓缩涂布制备再造烟叶样品,进行热裂解产物分析和感官评价。结果表明:①发酵浸提液和对照组中的蛋白质、还原糖含量在5 h内持续减少,而氨基酸含量先增高后降低,且发酵浸提液的蛋白质、还原糖含量低于对照,氨基酸含量高于对照;②发酵液中香味物质种类和总量较对照组均有所增加,其中糠醛、糠酮等致香组分增幅明显;③对比再造烟叶裂解产物,发现发酵浸提液浓缩后涂布样品裂解产生的γ-丁内酯、2,3-二氢-5-甲基呋喃、糠醛等典型烟气致香组分提高;④发酵液浓缩后涂布的再造烟叶样品感官品质较对照样品明显提升。利用类芽孢杆菌发酵烟草浸提液,对于提升再造烟叶的感官品质具有促进作用。      

氯离子含量对再造烟叶燃烧性的影响

为研究再造烟叶中氯离子含量对再造烟叶燃烧性能的影响,采用同一地区不同浓度氯离子含量的烟梗制备烟草薄片,对烟草薄片的常规化学成分、燃烧性能以及抽吸品质进行分析。结果显示:各样品间总糖、还原糖含量差异不显著,氯离子含量差异显著;氯离子含量在0.60~1.04%之间,其含量与薄片切条燃烧速率和纯薄片卷烟阴燃速率相关性均不显著,且氯离子含量在0.60~1.04%之间对再造烟叶燃烧性影响亦不明显。     

基于NIR-PCA-SVM联用技术的烤烟烟叶产地模式识别

为了更准确地对烟叶样品进行产地模式识别,检测了云南、河南、安徽、福建、贵州、吉林6省2010年生产的402个初烤烟叶样品的总糖、还原糖、总氮、烟碱、总氯、总钾含量,同时进行了近红外( NIR)光谱扫描,利用主成分分析( PCA)法和支持向量机算法(SVM)建立了烟叶产地模式识别模型,并对云南、河南、安徽、福建、贵州、吉...     

烤烟烟叶常规化学成分与主流烟气成分的关系

为研究烟叶原料常规化学成分与主流烟气成分之间的相互关系,测定了全国26个烟叶产区的6个品种和进口烤烟烟叶样品的常规化学成分(烟碱、总糖、还原糖、总氯、总钾和总氮)含量、卷烟烟气成分释放量(总粒相物、烟碱、水分、焦油和一氧化碳)和抽吸口数,并对其进行了相关分析、偏相关分析和通径分析。①简单相关分析显示,烟气总粒相物、烟碱和焦油与烟叶烟碱、总钾和总氮含量呈显著相关;烟气一氧化碳与烟叶烟碱呈显著正相关,但与钾含量呈极显著负相关;抽吸口数与总糖、还原糖和总钾呈显著相关。②偏相关分析表明,烟气总粒相物、烟碱和焦油仅与烟叶烟碱含量呈显著的相关关系,烟气一氧化碳和抽吸口数与总钾含量呈显著负相关。③回归和通径分析表明,对烟气总粒相物、烟碱和焦油起主要作用的是烟叶烟碱含量,其次是钾含量,总氮则主要是通过烟碱的间接作用产生影响;烟气一氧化碳主要受烟叶总钾含量的影响;还原糖主要通过总糖的间接作用对抽吸口数造成影响。烟叶中烟碱和总钾含量对烟气成分影响较大。     

不同预处理方法对烟草近红外光谱预测模型的影响

采用基线校正、去卷枳、一阶微分、二阶微分、主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘(PLS)法对198个烟叶样品的近红外光谱和总糖、还原糖、总烟碱含量数据进行了处理,建立了相应的总糖、还原糖和总烟碱校正模型,并将这些模型的回归参数作了比较。结果表明:①二阶微分处理光谱建立的模型的相关系数比基线校正、去卷枳、一阶微分预处理法建立的模型的高,而其相对偏差比基线校正、去卷枳、一阶微分法的低;②PLS算法建立的定量分析模型比PCR算法的好。     

攀西烤烟主要化学成分与吸食品质的关系研究

为明确四川攀西烤烟主要化学成分对其吸食品质的影响,以指导特色优质烟叶的开发,检测了2007 - 2009年种植生产的共计112份烟叶样品的主要化学成分,并对其香型风格特征和常规评吸质量进行了鉴定.结果表明:①烟叶的清香特征彰显程度越高,吸食质量越好;②清香特征彰显程度较高的烟叶,其烟碱和总氮含量相对较低,钾氯比相对较高;③烟碱、总氮、总糖、还原糖是影响烟叶感官评吸质量的主要化学成分;④攀西烟叶的烟碱和总氮适宜含量分别为1.4％ -2.0％和1.4％ - 1.8％.为进一步彰显攀西烟叶的清香风格,应适度控制烟叶的烟碱和总氮含量.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.