超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测麦类中典型链格孢霉毒素

建立一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱结合分散液-液微萃取前处理方法测定麦类中7 种链格孢霉毒素（链格孢酚、交链格孢酚单甲醚、交链孢烯、细交链格孢菌酮酸、交链孢毒素I、腾毒素、细格菌素）的方法。样品经3 mL一级水、10 mL 1.5%甲酸乙腈-甲醇（4∶1,v/v）溶液提取,2 g无水MgSO4脱水和1 g NaCl盐析,振荡15 min、离心10 min后取1 mL上清液和100 μL三氯甲烷用于分散液-液微萃取。7 种链格孢霉毒素使用BEH C18色谱柱（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）进行分离,采用电喷雾正负离子的多反应离子监测模式。结果表明：7 种链格孢霉毒素在5 min内完成色谱分离分析,在0.5～100 μg/L质量浓度范围内均呈现良好线性关系,R2＞0.987 277,检出限为0.11～0.16 μg/kg,定量限为0.42～0.49 μg/kg;以小麦为样品基质,在3 个不同加标水平下,7 种链格孢霉毒素回收率在70.7%～101.3%之间,相对标准偏差为1.22%～4.11%。将该方法用于分析实际麦类样品（黑麦、荞麦、莜麦、青稞、燕麦、小麦）中7 种链格孢霉毒素的污染状况,结果发现腾毒素和细交链格孢菌酮酸是6 种麦类中都检出的毒素,含量分别为0.6～10.7 μg/kg和未检出～31 μg/kg;细格菌素虽检出率低于腾毒素和细交链格孢菌酮酸,但最高含量37.3 μg/kg与细交链格孢菌酮酸相当。本方法稳定、准确、灵敏、快速,能够满足麦类样品中7 种链格孢霉毒素残留分析的需求。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定芒果中六种链格孢霉毒素残留

本文建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测芒果中链孢酚单甲醚、交链孢霉烯、细交链孢菌酮酸、格链孢酚、腾毒素和细格菌素6种链格孢霉毒素的方法。样品经改进的QuEChERS方法进一步完成萃取净化,以带皮全果和无皮果肉芒果样品为基质,在样品中加入适量的水,以1.5%甲酸-乙腈溶液为提取剂,无水MgSO₄为除水剂,NaCl盐析,振荡混匀,在9500 r/min下离心5 min,取上清液加水稀释过膜,以Waters ACQUITYTM UPLC BEH C₁₈柱(1.7 μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)分离,电喷雾正离子多反应模式监测。在本方法条件下,6种链格孢霉毒素在0.5~200 ng/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,R2>0.9925,在S/N=3时,检出限在0.6~3.0 μg/kg之间。在5、10、20 μg/kg三个加标水平下,6种链格孢霉毒素的回收率在82.5%~110.6%,相对标准偏差小于10%。该方法简单高效,可以用于芒果中6种链格孢霉毒素的测定。     

加压毛细管电色谱-固相萃取测定链格孢霉毒素

以霉变柑橘为材料,建立同时检测链格孢酚甲基乙醚(AME)、链格孢酚(AOH)和链格孢毒素(ALT)3种链格孢霉菌毒素的固相萃取-加压毛细管电色谱(SPE-p CEC)快速检测、通过乙腈提取,无水Mg SO4和Na Cl脱水盐析,C_(18)SPE萃取净化,以C_(18)毛细管色谱柱为分离柱,以含0.1%甲酸的乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,利用荧光检测器进行检测。该方法在2μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r2≥0.991 5,检出限为0.1μg/kg~0.9μg/kg。结果表明,该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适用于食品、水果中常见的3中链格孢霉毒素的快速分析及检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定小麦制品中4种交链孢霉毒素

目的建立测定4种小麦制品(挂面、馒头、面包和饼干)中4种交链孢霉毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法 4种小麦制品加入NaCl后,经酸化乙腈提取,固相萃取柱(SPE)净化后,以HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分析柱,以0.15 mmol/L碳酸氢铵水溶液-甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,以负离子电喷雾模式电离(ESI~-),多反应离子监测(MRM)方式进行定性及定量检测,外标法定量。结果在0.040～50μg/L的线性范围内,4种交链孢霉毒素的回归方程均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)0.99。交链孢菌酮酸、交链孢酚、腾毒素和交链孢酚单甲醚的方法检出限分别为0.10、0.01、0.03和0.01μg/kg,3个加标水平的回收率为85.7%～102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%～11.0%。应用该方法对流通环节的挂面、馒头、面包和饼干进行检测,4种交链孢霉毒素均有检出,其浓度为0.02～185.00μg/kg。结论该方法灵敏度高、简便,适用于小麦制品中多种交链孢霉毒素的同时测定。     

UPLC-ESI-MS-MS结合QuEChERS同时测定柑橘中的4 种真菌毒素

建立同时检测柑橘中链格孢酚甲基乙醚、交链孢酚、腾毒素和橘青霉素4 种真菌毒素的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-质谱分析方法。待测样品经乙腈提取,无水MgSO4和NaCl脱水盐析,C18键合相分散萃取净化,以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18液相色谱柱为分离柱,以0.1%甲酸溶液和乙腈作为流动相梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源电离、多反应监测模式条件下进行测定,外标法定量。该方法在5.0～200 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（R2）不小于0.992 7,检出限为0.2～0.7 μg/kg。3 个不同加标水平的平均回收率为78.0%～103.3%,相对标准偏差为2.6%～10.6%。结果表明,该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适用于柑橘中4 种真菌毒素残留的快速确证检测。     

气相色谱串联质谱法测定植物油中壬基酚

采用气相色谱—串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)研究植物油中壬基酚的测定方法。乙腈作为提取溶剂,通过涡旋提取和分散基质固相萃取净化。测定结果表明,该方法壬基酚含量在0.02~1 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.999 2,在0.02、0.06和0.2 mg/kg三个水平上做加标回收实验,结果回收率为82.3%~94.7%。方法检出限为0.02 mg/kg。     

QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS测定焙烤食品中4种链格孢菌毒素

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定焙烤食品中4种链格孢菌毒素(腾毒素、链格孢菌酚、交链胞酚单甲醚、细交链胞菌酮酸)快速检测方法。样品经乙腈-0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液超声萃取,萃取液经QuEChERS净化处理,在RP18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100mm,1.7μm)上以乙腈和1 mmol/L碳酸氢铵为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源、正负离子多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,4种待测物在相应的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999;方法定量限(S/N≥10)为0.03～0.3μg/kg;进行3个水平的添加回收实验,平均回收率(n=6)为83.2%～105.3%;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.2%～6.4%。应用本方法检测45个焙烤食品样品,4种真菌毒素均有检出。其中24份样品检出AME,含量为0.1～4.6μg/kg;6份样品检出AOH,含量为0.47～1.5μg/kg;27份样品检出Te A,含量为0.6～3.7μg/kg;9份样品检出TEN,含量为0.3～2.1μg/kg。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定麦芯粉中四种交链孢毒素

探讨固相萃取方法,超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定麦芯粉中4种交链孢毒素。样品经0.05 mol/L Na H2PO4(pH 3.0)-乙腈-甲醇超声提取(450+450+100,V/V),上清液过HLB固相萃取柱净化,以1.0 mmol/L氨水溶液(pH 8.3)-甲醇为流动相,经Waters CORTECS C18(4.6×100 mm,2.7μm)柱分离梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾负离子(ESI-)、多反应监测(MRM)模式检测;以基质加标工作曲线定量。细交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)、交链孢酚(AOH)在2.0μg/L~100μg/L浓度范围内,腾毒素(TEN)、交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)在0.2μg/L~10.0μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2)均大于0.998。回收率为76.3%~107.5%,TeA、AOH检出限和定量限分别为1.0μg/kg和3.0μg/kg、TEN、AME检出限和定量限分别为0.1μg/kg和0.3μg/kg。该方法灵敏度高,简便,准确。适于测定麦芯粉中的交链孢毒素。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定粮食中4种交链孢霉毒素

为同步测定大米、玉米和小麦中4种交链孢霉毒素,本研究建立了相应的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。试样中交链孢霉毒素用酸化乙腈水溶液提取,经HLB固相萃取柱净化后,以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱(1.7μm, 2.1 mm×100 mm)为分析柱,以0.55 mmol/L氨水水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,以负离子电喷雾模式电离(ESI^-),多反应离子监测(MRM)方式进行定性和定量检测,外标法定量。在本方法条件下,4种交链孢霉毒素在3种基质中线性范围内均呈现良好的线性关系(R²>0.990 0),方法检出限0.4～4.0μg/kg,定量限1.0～10.0μg/kg。在3种加标水平下,4种毒素的回收率范围为62.50%～113.40%,相对标准偏差RSD≤7.89%。采用建立的方法检测了市售大米和小麦中的4种交链孢霉毒素,大米中4种毒素的污染水平为ND～12.18μg/kg,小麦中为ND～163.32μg/kg,本方法可满足实际样品的检测。     

固相萃取－离子对色谱法测定酱油与黄豆酱中的三聚氰胺

建立了固相萃取-离子对色谱法测定酱油与黄豆酱中的三聚氰胺。样品经甲醇提取,WatersMCX固相萃取柱净化。分析时用InertsillODS-SPC18色谱柱(5μm,4.6×250mm)分离。水(缓冲液:0.01moL/L柠檬酸+0.01moL/L辛烷磺酸钠,pH=3.0)∶乙腈=92∶8(V/V)溶液为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,在紫外波长240nm下检测。三聚氰胺在0.02～2.00mg/L的范围内,有良好的线性关系(r2=0.9999),方法检出限为1.0mg/kg,加标回收率在83.5%～109.3%范围内,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。     

臭氧处理对交链孢菌生长及其毒素积累的抑制作用

交链孢菌（Alternaria spp.）易侵染农作物,引起农产品病害,而且能够代谢产生交链孢毒素,包括细交链孢酮酸（tenuazonic acid,TeA）、交链孢酚（alternariol,AOH）、交链孢酚单甲醚（alternariol monomethyl ether,AME）等,严重影响人体健康。因此,亟需高效、安全的方法用以防控交链孢菌及其毒素积累。本实验研究了臭氧处理对体外互隔交链孢（A. alternata）生长及其产毒能力的影响。结果表明,臭氧处理组的菌落直径显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,且臭氧处理可显著抑制互隔交链孢产生TeA、AOH、AME这3 种交链孢毒素;利用扫描电子显微镜观察臭氧处理后互隔交链孢的微观形态,发现孢子和菌丝发生了凹陷、褶皱、断裂等异常现象;臭氧处理后的交链孢菌对番茄果实的致病力明显减弱,同时交链孢菌的产毒能力明显降低,20 mg/L臭氧处理条件下TeA、AOH、AME含量比对照组分别减少了36.1%、89.9%、93.2%。此外,臭氧对TeA、AOH、AME具有降解作用,降解率随着臭氧质量浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而显著提高,TeA经过20 mg/L臭氧处理30 min即可被完全降解,AOH及AME经20 mg/L臭氧处理120 min后降解率可达90%以上。综上,臭氧处理可以作为农产品及其制品中互隔交链孢及其毒素污染的防治手段。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的含量方法验证研究

目的建立一种同时测定食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)含量的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法。方法植物油样品经叔丁基甲基醚-乙酸乙酯溶液(8∶2,V/V)溶解,在甲醇钠-甲醇溶液中发生酯键断裂反应,用冰乙酸中和正己烷去脂,经硅藻土小柱净化,七氟丁酰基咪唑(HFBI)衍生,以GC-MS法测定,采用同位素内标进行定量。结果经5家检验机构验证,4种氯丙醇酯(以对应的氯丙醇计)在0.02~0.4 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r~2均大于0.999,在0.2~2.0 mg/kg水平的加标回收率在78.5%~109.8%之间,RSD为2.2%~18.8%,检出限均为0.1 mg/kg。结论 2014年英国FAPAS分析实验室能力验证和5家机构协同验证的结果证实,该方法线性良好,准确度、精密度高,检测成本较低,适用于食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的检测。     

Mycotoxin production by Alternaria strains isolated from Argentinean wheat

The toxigenic potential of Alternaria strains isolated from Argentinean wheat was investigated. A total of 123 strains were assayed for the production of tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). All but one of the isolates were able to produce at least one of the three mycotoxins. TA was produced by 72% of the strains (1-14782 mg/kg), AOH by 87% (4-622 mg/kg) and AME by 91% (7-2625 mg/kg). The average level of TA detected for all strains (1757 mg/kg) was higher than the average level of both alternariols (162 mg/kg for AOH and 620 mg/kg for AME). TA was the toxin produced at the highest concentration but in lower frequency. Most of the strains were able to synthesize more than one toxin: 74 isolates (60%) were positive for all three toxins, 30 (24%) for both AOH and AME, 5 (4%) for both TA and AME, and 2 (2%) for TA and AOH. The widespread occurrence of Alternaria in wheat and its ability to produce mycotoxins suggests the possible occurrence of its toxins in wheat naturally infected with this fungus.     

Determination of tertiary butylhydroquinone in edible vegetable oil by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry

A simple, sensitive and accurate analytical method for quantification of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in edible vegetable oil was established by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ITMS). After extraction, 5 μl of the extracts was directly injected into LC/ITMS for TBHQ determination. Ethanol was selected as the extraction solvent. The optimized fragmentation amplitude was 1.70 V and electrospray ionization (ESI) was more suitable than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) for TBHQ detection. The calibration curve showed good linearity (R² = 0.9990) and recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 81.9% to 110.5%. Relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day were in the ranges 2.5–5.7% and 3.9–13.8%, respectively. The procedure allows the detection of 0.3 mg/kg TBHQ in edible vegetable oil. Typical edible vegetable oils in the market were detected for TBHQ by the proposed method. As results, TBHQ was detected in blend oil, soybean salad oil and camellia oil samples.     

AFLP variability, toxin production, and pathogenicity of Alternaria species from Argentinean tomato fruits and puree

Large amounts of tomato fruits and derived products are produced in Argentina and may be contaminated by Alternaria toxins. Limited information is available on the genetic variability, toxigenicity, and pathogenicity of Alternaria strains occurring on tomato. We analyzed 65 Alternaria strains isolated in Argentina from tomato fruits affected by black mould and from tomato puree, using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) technique. AFLP analysis resolved the set of strains in 3 main clusters (DICE similarity values of 58 and 60%) corresponding to A. alternata/tenuissima (44 strains), A. arborescens (15 strains) and to an unknown group (6 strains). Most of the representative strains, belonging to each AFLP cluster, when cultured on rice, produced tenuazonic acid (up to 46,760 mg/kg), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME, up to 1860 mg/kg), and alternariol (up to 70 mg/kg). The toxin profile related to the strains was not related to any AFLP cluster, except for AME which was produced at lower level by A. arborescens. Most of strains were pathogenic on two types of commonly cultivated tomato fruits. These findings provide new information on the variability within the Alternaria species complex associated with tomato disease.     

食用植物油中4种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的GC-MS测定方法研究

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,建立了同时测定食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)含量的分析方法。该方法在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限0.1 mg/kg,定量限0.2 mg/kg,加标回收率在97.2%~106.0%之间,相对标准偏差在3.4%~7.1%之间。该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,定性定量准确,对仪器污染小,能满足食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的检测需求。     

Alternaria toxins in wheat during the 2004 to 2005 Argentinean harvest

The natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat from the zone 5 South during the 2004 to 2005 harvest was investigated in 64 wheat samples. All samples were highly contaminated with a wide range of fungal species. Alternaria was found as the main component of the mycota, with an infection percentage of 100%. Three mycotoxins produced by species of Alternaria were determined in wheat: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. Alternariol was detected in 4 (6%) of 64 samples, with a range of 645 to 1,388 microg/kg (mean of 1,054 microg/kg); alternariol monomethyl ether, with a range of 566 to 7,451 microg/kg (mean of 2,118 microg/kg) in 15 (23%) of 64 samples; and tenuazonic acid in 12 (19%) of 64 samples, with a range of 1,001 to 8,814 microg/kg (mean, 2,313 microg/kg). Alternariol monomethyl ether was the predominant toxin, but tenuazonic acid was detected in higher concentrations. Alternariol was present in fewer samples and in lower levels than were the other toxins. Tenuazonic acid and alternariol monomethyl ether occurred together in four samples, while tenuazonic acid and alternariol co-occurred in one sample. This the first report of the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat. Toxin levels were high, probably due to the heavy infection with Alternaria species found in the samples.     

Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in olives--their production and possible transfer into the oil

A limited survey of the natural occurrence of the major Alternaria mycotoxins, i.e. alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), and tenuazonic acid (TA) has been carried out on olives and related processing products (oil and husks). The toxigenicity of Alternaria strains isolated from olives and the possible mycotoxin transfer into the oil have also been investigated. Four out of 13 olive samples were contaminated by 2 to 4 Alternaria mycotoxins. The highest contamination was found in a badly damaged sample containing 2.9, 2.3, 1.4 and 0.3 mg/kg of AME, AOH, ALT and TA, respectively. No mycotoxins were detected in olive-oil destined for human consumption (6 samples) or olive-husks (3 samples) collected from oil-mills after the first pressing of olives. An oil sample produced in our laboratory by processing the most contaminated olive sample contained AME (0.79 mg/kg) and AOH (0.29 mg/kg). The estimated mycotoxin amount transferred into the oil was 4% for AME, 1.8% for AOH, and zero for ALT and TA (considering 15% the oil yield). Although Alternaria species, mostly A. alternata (Fr.) Keissler, were present at various extent on all the examined olive samples, mycotoxins were only detected in samples of physically damaged olives. The production of mycotoxins by A. alternata isolated from olives was much higher (up to 3 order of magnitude for TA) on rice cultures than on olive cultures.