不同萃取头对分析普洱熟茶挥发性成分的影响

采用100μm PDMS、85μm PA、75μm CAR/PDMS、70μm CW/DVB、65μm PDMS/DVB、50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS 6种萃取头提取普洱熟茶挥发性成分,经气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对挥发性成分进行鉴定,分析比较了6种萃取头提取挥发性成分的差别。6种萃取头共检测出83种挥发性化合物,醇类10种,醛类8种,甲氧基苯类9种,碳氢类30种,酮类10种,酯类8种,含氮类5种,酚类2种,酸类1种。试验发现75μm CAR/PDMS无论从萃取化合物数量还是总峰面积,均明显优于其他5种萃取头。因此,根据获得挥发性物质数量和总峰面积,CAR/PDMS萃取头更适于提取分析普洱熟茶中挥发性香气成分。     

萃取头对甜面酱中挥发性成分分析的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气质联用(GC-MS)相结合对甜面酱中挥发性成分进行了初步分析,比较了4种不同涂层纤维的萃取头(30μm PDMS,65μm PDMS/DVB,75μm CAR/PDMS,50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)对甜面酱挥发性成分的萃取效果和特点。结果表明:在相同实验条件下,50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头萃取到的色谱总峰面积和化合物种类最多,而75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头可以萃取到最多的香气成分。因此50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头最适合甜面酱挥发性成分的检测,同时可以用75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头来进行补充。     

基于SPME-GC-MS与PCA的不同萃取头萃取刺梨汁香气成分效果比较

为提高刺梨汁香气成分气相色谱分析的准确可靠性,比较不同纤维涂层萃取头萃取刺梨汁香气成分的效果及灵敏度。采用50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS、75μm CAR/PDMS、65μm PDMS/DVB、100μm PDMS 4种萃取头进行刺梨汁香气成分的富集和浓缩处理,气质联用仪检测其香气成分,通过主成分分析法,对其香气成分的数量、含量进行比较,建立香气品质评价模型。结果表明,刺梨汁香气成分以酯类、醇类、萜烯类为主,不同萃取头萃取的化合物存在明显差异,50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取化合物59种,相对含量最多为93.96%,其中酯类、醇类呈香物质含量最高;65μm PDMS/DVB萃取出38种化合物,相对含量为91.19%;100μm PDMS萃取出29种化合物,相对含量92.79%;75μm CAR/PDMS萃取出26种化合物,相对含量92.08%。在4种纤维涂层萃取头中,以50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS为富集刺梨汁香气成分的最佳萃取纤维。     

SPME萃取头对大菱鲆鱼肉挥发性成分萃取效果分析

采用DVB/CAR/PDMS、PDMS/DVB和CAR/PDMS 3种萃取头进行顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME),提取新鲜大菱鲆鱼肉的挥发性成分,结合气质联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析鉴定,确定最佳的萃取头.结果表明,3种萃取头固相微萃取法共检测出81种挥发性成分,主要是醛、酮、醇、烯烃、烷烃和胺类化合物.使用DVB/CAR/PDMS、PDMS/DVB和CAR/PDMS萃取头分别检测出51、37和29种挥发性成分,其中使用DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头检测出的挥发性物质总峰面积最大且种类最多.因此,DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头较适合于大菱鲆鱼肉挥发性成分的提取.     

顶空固相微萃取分析金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢产物的条件优化

采用65 μm聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙基苯（polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB）、75 μm碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷（carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane,CAR/PDMS）萃取头和50/30 μm二乙基苯/碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷（divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane,DVB/CAR/PDMS）萃取头,20、30 min和40 min 3 种萃取时间,50、65 ℃和80 ℃ 3 种萃取温度,分别对金黄色葡萄球菌胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤（tryptone soy broth,TSB）培养物的挥发性代谢产物进行萃取,经气相色谱-质谱检测,以建立适宜于金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢物的萃取分析方法。结果表明,50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头能更好地满足各类化合物的萃取需要,获得更加全面的化合物信息,并且在萃取温度80 ℃条件下萃取30 min,得到的金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢物的数量和响应强度较高。因此,萃取金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢产物的最适条件为：50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头、萃取温度80 ℃、萃取时间30 min。在该萃取条件下,检测出金黄色葡萄球菌在TSB中产生的主要挥发性物质为乙醇、1-癸醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、丙酮、乙酸、苯甲醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、吲哚、1-辛醇和正辛酸等。该萃取方法的建立可为细菌挥发性代谢产物的分析提供参考。     

蛇龙珠葡萄成熟过程中6种甲氧基吡嗪分析

建立了顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-氮磷检测器法(HS-SPME-GC-NPD)测定葡萄中6种3-烷基-2-甲氧基吡嗪(MPs)的方法。经优化采用CAR/DVB/PDMS三相SPME萃取头浓缩提取葡萄中MPs,在30℃恒温条件下吸附3h。该方法具有良好的线性,6种MPs标准曲线的线性相关性系数均大于0.99;线性范围在0.78～100ng/L之间;检测限在0.20～1.40ng/L范围内;除2-甲氧基吡嗪(73.12%)外,其他5种MPs的回收率在83.20%～113.09%之间。应用本方法检测蛇龙珠葡萄成熟过程中MPs,发现在果实成熟过程中MPs含量呈递减趋势,其中2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪最为突出;3-异丁基-和3-异丙基-2-甲氧基吡嗪的含量大于其阈值,对蛇龙珠葡萄的"青椒"气味具有重要贡献。     

HS-SPME结合GC-MS分析着色香葡萄中挥发性香气成分

利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析着色香葡萄中的挥发性香气成分。优化后的HS-SPME条件为:样品超声20 min,采用50/30μm PDMS/CAR/DVB萃取头,样品量8 mL,加盐3 g,40℃萃取40 min。此条件下GC-MS测出36种挥发性香气物质,主要为醇类、醛类、酯类和酮类化合物,其中决定其特征香气的物质包括己醛、2-己烯醛、(E)-2-己烯醇、芳樟醇、脱氢芳樟醇及α-萜品醇等。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和PCA的不同萃取头对鸡肉香精香气成分萃取效果比较

为提高鸡肉香精香气成分分析的可靠性,比较不同纤维涂层萃取头萃取鸡肉香精香气成分的效果,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase micro-extraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)检测技术对热反应鸡肉香精中的挥发性风味物质种类和组成进行提取分析,通过灵敏性及主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法比较香气成分数量及含量建立香气品质评价模型,研究不同纤维涂层萃取头(75μm CAR/PDMS、65μm DVB/PDMS、85μm PA、50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)与所萃取挥发性物质间的相关性。结果表明,75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头为萃取鸡肉香精样品挥发性物质的最优萃取头,萃取得到样品中共含有146种挥发性物质,包括醇类24种(16.44%)、醛类16种(10.96%)、吡嗪类12种(8.22%)、呋喃(酮)类13种(8.91%),含硫化合物10种(6.85%)等多种香气物质,检测到2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、2-甲基-3-戊烷硫醇、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛及反式-2-壬烯醛等关键肉香味化合物。     

不同萃取头固相微萃取分析小米清酒挥发性成分的研究

采用PA、PDMS、PDMS/DVB、CAR/PDMS和DVB/CAR/PDMS 5种萃取头,并通过固相微萃取（SPME）与气质联用（GC-MS）对小米清酒中挥发性成分进行提取、鉴定,运用聚类热图分析不同SPME萃取头提取小米清酒挥发性成分差异。结果表明：5种萃取头SPME检测到小米清酒挥发性成分含有醇、酯、醛、碳氢化合物、含苯衍生物和其他化合物,使用不同萃取头进行固相微萃取能得到较为相似的主挥发性成分：1-戊醇、苯乙醇、正己酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、辛酸乙酯、十六烷,DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头检测效果最好。聚类热图显示,不同萃取头SPME提取到的挥发性成分效果差异较大,按萃取效果可分为PA萃取头、PDMS萃取头和复合萃取头（PDMS/DVB、CAR/PDMS和DVB/CAR/PDMS）三类,使用不同种萃取头SPME可较为全面地了解小米清酒挥发性成分构成。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析椪柑芳香水中挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC/MS)分离鉴定椪柑芳香水中的挥发性成分,研究固相微萃取头种类(PDMS/DVB 65μm,CAR/PDMS 75μm和DVB/CAR/PDMS 50/30μm)、吸附温度(30~50℃)、吸附时间(5~30 min)和样品体积(2~10 m L)对椪柑芳香水分离效果的影响。试验结果表明,采用DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取头,样品体积8 m L,在温度40℃下吸附20 min,能达到最佳吸附效果。椪柑芳香水中主要的挥发性成分为:d-柠檬烯40.85%,乙醇17.17%,α-萜品醇15.61%,1-辛醇6.20%,β-月桂烯3.48%,3-甲基-1-丁醇3.01%,β-芳樟醇2.93%,樟脑2.88%,辛酸乙酯2.34%,α-蒎烯1.47%,占峰面积总和的95.94%。对顶空固相微萃取法进行重复性试验,10种挥发性成分的相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于7.0%,表明应用HS-SPMEGC/MS联用技术可对椪柑芳香水中挥发性成分进行快速、准确地分析。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.