卷烟纸组分对常规和细支卷烟烟气释放量及感官质量的影响

为考察卷烟纸组分(亚麻配比、包灰剂质量分数、助燃剂质量分数和助燃剂中钾钠比)对常规和细支卷烟烟气成分释放量及感官质量的影响,采用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归法分别建立了常规和细支卷烟烟气成分释放量及感官质量的多因素预测模型。结果表明:(1)常规卷烟的焦油和大多数主流烟气成分的释放量均随卷烟纸包灰剂质量分数、助燃剂质量分数以及钾钠比的升高而呈下降趋势;细支卷烟的烟气TPM、烟碱、CO释放量以及单位焦油CO的释放量均随包灰剂质量分数和钾钠比的增大呈下降趋势。(2)单位焦油烟气组分受该4个因素的影响表现出较大的复杂性和差异性。(3)随亚麻配比的增大,包灰剂和助燃剂质量分数及钾钠比的降低,常规卷烟的感官质量得到改善;随亚麻配比和钾钠比的增大、包灰剂和助燃剂质量分数的降低,细支卷烟的感官质量得到改善。     

卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧特性及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响

为了考察卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧特性及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响,探讨了卷烟纸助燃剂的类型、用量、含钾比例与卷烟燃烧主流烟气中CO的释放量、卷烟燃烧特性之间的相关性。结果表明,卷烟纸助燃剂用量与卷烟的阴燃温度、烟碱量、焦油量具有相关性,提高助燃剂用量能提高卷烟燃烧时的阴燃温度、加快烟支的燃烧速度,且烟碱量和焦油量随之减少;保持卷烟纸助燃剂用量不变,助燃剂中的含钾比例与烟气常规成分和卷烟燃烧温度无明显相关性;卷烟纸助燃剂的类型、用量、含钾比例与CO释放量无明显相关性,CO释放量与卷烟燃烧时低温区域面积和高温区域面积的比值R具有强烈的正相关。     

卷烟辅材参数对中支卷烟常规烟气指标及感官品质的影响

【目的】考察卷烟辅材参数对中支卷烟常规烟气和感官质量的影响。【方法】制备不同卷烟纸参数和滤棒参数的中支卷烟，检测主流烟气常规成分释放量并对感官质量评价。【结果】(1)增加卷烟纸定量和透气度，中支卷烟的烟气指标和感官整体呈下降趋势。卷烟纸定量对中支卷烟烟气指标影响程度大。烟气指标平均单口释放量与卷烟纸定量成正相关，而与卷烟纸透气度成负相关。(2)增加卷烟纸助燃剂钾离子含量，多数烟气指标的释放量呈降低的趋势，而阴离子含量对中支卷烟的烟气常规烟气指标影响不明显。卷烟纸助燃剂为柠檬酸钾和酒石酸钾的卷烟感官质量较好。(3)增加接装纸透气度，抽吸口数增加，中支卷烟烟气指标显著下降，对水分释放量影响最大，感官质量呈降低趋势。(4)增加滤棒吸阻，TPM和焦油降低，水分，烟碱和CO基本没有变化。适当提高滤棒的吸阻可减轻杂气和刺激性，改善吸味。【结论】通过优化设计卷烟辅材设计参数，可以调控烟气中TPM、焦油和CO的释放量，且有助于提升中支卷烟感官质量。     

卷烟纸参数对细支卷烟烟气常规成分释放量的影响

为研究细支卷烟卷烟纸参数(定量、透气度、助燃剂中钾钠比,以及麻浆、灰分和助燃剂的质量分数)对烟气常规成分释放量的影响,根据国内外细支烟用卷烟纸的设计特点进行了样品设计和制作,分析了细支烟卷烟纸参数对烟气常规成分释放量的影响,并与常规卷烟进行了对比。结果表明:(1)透气度、助燃剂质量分数、钾钠比与细支烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO的释放量呈现强的负相关关系。相同的助燃剂质量分数和钾钠比增加幅度,细支烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的降低率比常规卷烟大;相同的透气度增加幅度,常规卷烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的降低率比细支烟大。(2)卷烟纸定量与细支烟焦油和烟碱的释放量具有一定的负相关关系,与CO释放量具有一定的正相关关系。相同的定量增加幅度,细支烟焦油和烟碱释放量降低率比常规卷烟大,细支烟CO释放量降低率与常规卷烟基本一致。(3)麻浆和灰分的质量分数与细支烟焦油释放量均具有一定负相关关系,与烟碱和CO的释放量不相关;常规卷烟卷烟纸麻浆和灰分质量分数对烟气常规成分释放量影响不明显。     

卷烟纸参数对短支卷烟主流烟气常规成分释放量及感官质量的影响

为考察卷烟纸参数对短支卷烟主流烟气常规指标及感官质量的影响,制备了不同卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂用量、助燃剂钾/钠比及碳酸钙含量的短支卷烟,并进行了主流烟气常规成分释放量测定及感官质量评价。结果表明:①随着卷烟纸透气度的增加,常规成分释放量均呈降低趋势,感官质量呈下降趋势。②随着卷烟纸定量的增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低,CO释放量升高,感官质量下降。③随卷烟纸助燃剂用量增加,常规成分释放量均降低,感官质量下降;随卷烟纸助燃剂钾/钠比增加,常规成分释放量均降低,感官质量提升。④随着卷烟纸碳酸钙含量的增加,焦油和CO释放量降低,烟碱释放量无明显变化,感官质量下降。通过优化设计相应的卷烟纸设计参数,有助于提升短支卷烟感官质量,降低焦油和CO释放量。     

卷烟纸组分和罗纹对卷烟主流烟气常规成分的影响

为了进一步探索卷烟纸对卷烟主流烟气常规成分的影响,制备了8种不同参数卷烟纸并制成卷烟,考察卷烟纸碳酸钙形态、粒径和用量,以及助燃剂酸根类型、助留剂用量、罗纹形式、罗纹深度和压纹方式对卷烟主流烟气常规成分的影响。结果表明,8种卷烟纸设计参数的变化对主流烟气常规成分释放量均产生不同程度影响;采用大粒径或浆状碳酸钙或提高碳酸钙用量,烟气焦油和CO降低0. 1～0. 4 mg/支;采用无罗纹卷烟纸、浅罗纹卷烟纸或正压卷烟纸,均有助于降低焦油和CO,其中CO降幅最高可达8. 7%;采用酒石酸助剂的卷烟纸,焦油和CO释放量较低;卷烟纸助留剂含量对主流烟气常规成分无显著影响。     

柠檬酸钾钠混合盐助燃剂对卷烟主流烟气的影响

为改进卷烟纸助燃剂的应用效果,采用柠檬酸钾和柠檬酸钠混合盐作为助燃剂,研究了混合盐的添加量和配比对卷烟主流烟气指标的影响。结果表明:①在助燃剂添加量0.5%～2.0%范围内,随着添加量的增加,抽吸口数、烟气中焦油量、CO量和烟碱量、CO/焦油均显著下降;单口烟气中焦油量和烟碱量增加,CO量降低;②柠檬酸钾助燃效果优于柠檬酸钠。通过调整二者在混合盐中的比例,可以在适当降低烟气焦油量的条件下,显著降低烟气中的CO量。     

卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量的影响

为掌握卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分(CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,苯并[a]芘,苯酚,巴豆醛)释放量的影响,采用不同特性的卷烟纸卷制卷烟,通过相关的标准方法测定其主流烟气中7种有害成分的含量.结果发现:卷烟纸助燃剂含量变化对卷烟主流7种有害成分释放量的影响最大;卷烟纸透气度、定量和助燃剂类型的影响次之;亚麻配比对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量也有一定影响.     

低引燃倾向卷烟设计的影响因素

为研究低引燃倾向卷烟(LIP卷烟)设计过程中的影响因素,在不改变卷烟原有配方结构的基础上,利用不同的卷烟纸(普通卷烟纸和阻燃带卷烟纸)制备了相应的卷烟样品,并对样品进行了阻燃带扩散率、卷烟全长燃烧比例及主流烟气释放物等方面的测试.结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,①扩散率提高0.22cm/s,LIP卷烟的全长燃烧比例增大60％以上,主流烟气中的焦油、烟碱、CO的释放量分别减小4.0％,6.5％和6.1％;②助燃剂含量提高0.8％,LIP卷烟的全长燃烧比例增大约20％,主流烟气中的焦油、烟碱、CO的释放量分别减小9.3％,7.9％和12.7％;③在助燃剂含量高的情况下,阻燃带宽度/间距对卷烟全长燃烧比例的影响较大,但对卷烟主流烟气释放物的影响不明显.     

卷烟纸对降低卷烟主流烟气有害成分的影响研究

通过正交实验设计,研究卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂含量和亚麻浆配比对卷烟主流烟气指标中焦油、烟碱、CO和水分的影响。实验研究表明,卷烟纸助燃剂含量对主流烟气指标影响最大,其次是卷烟纸透气度,再次是卷烟纸定量,而亚麻浆配比影响程度最低。通过试验研究,分别得出控制卷烟主流烟气指标焦油、烟碱、CO和水分的最佳卷烟纸设计组合。     

卷烟纸特性对细支烟主流烟气指标的影响

研究了不同透气度、定量、助燃剂含量的卷烟纸对细支烟主流烟气指标的影响。结果发现,在实验设计的水平范围内,卷烟纸助燃剂含量(以柠檬酸根计)、透气度与细支烟主流烟气焦油量、烟碱量、CO量具有显著的负相关性;卷烟纸定量与细支烟主流烟气CO量具有显著的正相关性,与细支烟主流烟气焦油量、烟碱量分别具有非显著及显著的负相关性。     

辅助材料设计参数对烤烟型卷烟烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响

为探索辅助材料与卷烟烟气化学成分之间的关系,研究了卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、成形纸透气度、接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻对卷烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响,并通过辅材设计参数的组合设计,建立了辅材设计参数预测焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的数学模型.结果表明:①卷烟纸定量增加CO释放量增加;②卷烟纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低;③滤棒吸阻增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低;④接装纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量显著降低;⑤成形纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低,降低程度与配合使用的接装纸透气度有关;⑥焦油、烟碱和CO释放量预测模型的预测值与实测值基本吻合.     

不同抽吸模式卷烟主流烟气中常规成分和某些有害成分释放研究

对比研究了ISO抽吸模式和加拿大深度抽吸模式下不同卷烟主流烟气中焦油、烟碱和水分3种常规成分释放量及一氧化碳、氨和苯酚3种有害成分释放量。结果表明, 加拿大深度抽吸模式下, 卷烟主流烟气中焦油、烟碱和水分3种常规成分及一氧化碳、氨和苯酚3种有害成分释放量远远高于ISO抽吸模式下的释放量;随着滤嘴通风率的增加, 主流烟气常规成分和某些有害成分释放量的增加幅度越来越大;主流烟气中水分释放量的增加幅度远远大于焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳、氨和苯酚释放量的增加幅度。     

真伪卷烟主流烟气指标的因子分析和聚类分析

真伪卷烟由于工艺条件、原辅材料及配方的不同,烟气指标一定存在差异。本文用SM450直线型吸烟机测定了国内真、伪卷烟A的 6项主流烟气指标,并用因子分析和聚类分析对测定结果进行分析比较。因子分析的结果表明3个因子累计贡献率已达95.681%（≥85%）,且总方差的58%的贡献来自第1因子,所对应真伪卷烟主流烟气成分的特征指标为一氧化碳、总粒相物和焦油。利用特征指标对20个真、伪卷烟进行层次聚类分析的结果表明当样本划分为2类时,样本的类归属情况与卷烟的真伪属性完全符合,充分说明统计分析方法在卷烟真伪鉴别工作中是一个有效的工具。      

凹凸棒石吸附剂在卷烟滤嘴中的应用实验

为寻求一种能够有选择性地去除卷烟烟气中有害物质的吸附剂 ,进行了凹凸棒石在卷烟滤嘴中的添加应用实验。在滤棒成形机上将 3%的凹凸棒石悬浊液均匀施加到开松后的醋酸纤维丝束上 ,制备成合格的滤棒样品 ,控制每支滤棒中的吸附剂含量约为 1.5mg ;取普通醋酸纤维滤棒作对照 ,与添加凹凸棒石吸附剂的醋酸纤维滤棒于同一卷接机组、同一原材料、同一卷制条件下卷接成烟支 ,进行卷烟烟气分析和评吸对比。实验结果表明 ,在醋酸纤维滤棒中添加凹凸棒石吸附剂 ,能使焦油降低 1.4mg 支 ,一氧化碳降低 1.1mg 支 ,而烟碱量保持不变 ,且卷烟的内在质量不受影响 ,能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。     

Roll-your-own smoke yields: theoretical and practical aspects

OBJECTIVE—To identify the key parameters that influence smoke yields from roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes and to compare smoke yields of cigarettes made under laboratory conditions with those made by habitual RYO consumers.
DESIGN AND SETTING—One-way parametric variations in the laboratory-based production of RYO cigarettes complemented by a consumer survey conducted in a busy street at Romford, Essex, United Kingdom.
SUBJECTS—26 habitual RYO consumers.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Cigarette weights, puff numbers, and yields (carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar).
RESULTS—Smoke yields vary for specimen changes in weight of tobacco used, paper porosity, and the incorporation of a filter in the cigarette. Yields of cigarettes produced by 26 RYO smokers ranged from 9.9 to 21.0 mg tar per cigarette and from 0.9 to 1.8 mg nicotine per cigarette, and were generally lower than yields of laboratory-produced RYO cigarettes.
CONCLUSIONS—Laboratory studies can provide useful information concerning the parameters that affect smoke yields of RYO cigarettes such as the incorporation of a filter to reduce yields. However, such studies must be complemented by surveys of cigarettes made by actual current RYO smokers. In one such investigation, it was found that the mean tar yields from cigarettes produced by 57% of the smokers were above the current maximum of 15 mg per cigarette for manufactured cigarettes. Currently 8% of manufactured cigarettes in the UK have a declared nicotine yield of greater than 1.1 mg per cigarette whereas 77% of RYO smokers produced cigarettes with a nicotine yield greater than this value.


Keywords: roll-your-own cigarettes; smoke yield; carbon monoxide; tar; nicotine     

等离子和静电打孔接装纸特性及其对卷烟物理和常规烟气指标的影响

  目的  为综合对比评价等离子打孔和静电打孔接装纸的特性及其对卷烟物理指标和常规烟气成分释放量的影响。  方法  采用两种打孔方式不同透气度和不同孔带宽度的接装纸进行电镜扫描和卷烟试验。  结果  （1）试验条件下,静电打孔接装纸比等离子打孔接装纸的孔密度更高、孔径更小。（2）在相同孔带宽度和接装纸透气度下,静电打孔和等离子打孔卷烟的吸阻稳定性、总通风率稳定性和常规烟气成分释放量无显著差异,静电打孔卷烟滤嘴通风率稳定性优于等离子打孔。（3）增加打孔宽度可提高卷烟滤嘴通风率的稳定性,可降低焦油量、烟气烟碱量和一氧化碳量等常规烟气指标。  结论  从烟支物理特性及降低焦油、烟碱和一氧化碳的角度,等离子打孔和静电打孔可以实现等同应用,应尽量增加打孔密度,减小打孔孔径,并增加打孔宽度。      

丁酸乙酯对卷烟烟气的影响

为研究丁酸乙酯对卷烟烟气的影响,在模拟卷烟燃烧条件下对其进行热裂解实验;按照不同用量加入空白卷烟,测试主流烟气中7种有害成分(CO、HCN、NNK、B[a]P、巴豆醛、苯酚和氨)的释放量以及烟气粒相物的细菌致突变性、体外细胞毒性和体外微核率。结果表明:①丁酸乙酯在模拟卷烟燃烧温度条件下的热解行为主要是原形转移;②与空白卷烟相比,加入丁酸乙酯后7种烟气有害成分的释放量无显著增加;③3种不同剂量丁酸乙酯分别加入空白卷烟后,烟气粒相物的细菌致突变性、体外细胞毒性及体外微核测定结果均无显著增加。      

常规分析用吸烟机系列监测卷烟设计与研制

  背景与目的  监测卷烟是目前国内外最常见且行之有效的用于评价符合GB/T 19609标准的卷烟常规烟气分析过程是否处于稳定、可控状态的重要工具。为使国产常规分析用吸烟机监测卷烟更加符合ISO标准的有关要求并满足我国烟草行业实际需要。  方法  对国内外监测卷烟制作情况进行对比,对我国监测卷烟规格进行重新设计、研制,并进行了均匀性评价、定值等表征分析。  结果  国产新监测卷烟M1、M2和M3三个样品均匀性良好,定值结果、抽吸口数及焦油量、烟气烟碱量、烟气一氧化碳量的配伍性均与期望值具有良好的符合性,各项数据重复性方面与CORESTA监测卷烟（CM卷烟）具有较好的可比性。  结论  国产监测卷烟适用于监测吸烟机抽吸过程稳定性,并可实现与ISO标准的接轨。      

Effect of the New York State cigarette fire safety standard on ignition propensity, smoke constituents, and the consumer market

Objectives: This study examines empirical evidence from the New York experience testing tobacco industry arguments made in opposition to fire safety standards for cigarettes. Design: Percentages of cigarettes exhibiting full length burns (FLBs), cigarette sales before and following the implementation of the New York standards, a sample of retail cigarette prices, brand availability, and selected smoke constituent yields were compared between cigarettes sold in New York and two other states. Cigarette paper analysis was conducted on cigarettes sold in New York. Results: New York cigarette brands averaged 10.0% FLBs as compared to 99.8% for California and Massachusetts brands. Reduced ignition propensity (RIP) appears to have been achieved by cigarette paper banding. Cigarette sales, prices, and brand availability do not appear to have been affected by the New York standards. Yields of the majority of smoke constituents tested did not differ substantially between RIP cigarettes sold in New York as compared to the same brands sold in Massachusetts. Average yields of tar, carbon monoxide, and two compounds were slightly higher, the yields of seven compounds were higher for one brand only, and nicotine was lower, among New York brands tested. Conclusions: RIP cigarette brands have been designed to meet the New York fire safety standards. Their introduction has not affected cigarette sales or prices in New York. There is no evidence that the small increases in smoke constituent yields affect the already highly toxic nature of cigarette smoke. Data on smoking caused fires, deaths, and injuries dating from after the change in law are not yet available. Such data will be able to address the question of whether the demonstrated reduced ignition standards are associated with reduced fires and injuries. Based on the New York experience, prior industry objections to producing RIP cigarettes are unfounded. Other states and nations should adopt similar standards.