D-最优混料设计优化速冻专用油脂乳化剂配方

为解决速冻食品易开裂的问题，对速冻专用油脂乳化剂配方进行设计优化。首先以自制酯交换油脂为基料油，以吸水性和乳化稳定性为指标，对6种常用的亲油性乳化剂进行筛选，并采用D-最优混料设计确定最佳乳化剂配方，然后用该乳化剂配方制备速冻专用油脂，并将自制速冻专用油脂和两种市售速冻专用油脂制作速冻汤圆作应用对比试验。结果表明：以酯交换油脂为基料油的速冻专用油脂最佳乳化剂配方为硬脂酰乳酸钙添加量34.4%、单硬脂酸甘油酯添加量33.8%、大豆卵磷脂添加量31.8%,在此条件下复合乳化剂的吸水性为25.1 mL/10 g,乳化稳定性为93.3%;相比于市售速冻专用油脂，自制速冻专用油脂制作的速冻汤圆表面光滑、裂纹少，冻裂率和冷冻失水率低。因此，优化得到的速冻专用油脂复合乳化剂具备良好的乳化稳定性和持水能力，可降低速冻食品的冻裂率。     

速冻食品专用油脂制备及其在汤圆中的应用评价

速冻专用油脂一般要求具备良好的保型抗融和乳化性能。熔点、乳化性能以及固体脂肪含量是影响速冻专用油脂品质的重要因素。以酯交换后的棕榈硬脂与棕榈油(质量比50∶50)混合做为基料油脂制备速冻食品专用油脂,含水率16.6%,复合乳化剂(单甘酯∶丙二醇酯=1∶1)为油质量的1%。专用油脂的乳化稳定性93.0%,熔点45℃,塑性范围在25~40℃时为8.4~28.2,具有较宽的可塑性范围。应用于速冻汤圆中,能有效降低汤圆的开裂率,使产品表面更光滑,降低产品煮后浑汤现象的发生,口感更佳,制作的速冻汤圆感官评价得分为87。     

焙烤冷冻面团专用油脂的制备

利用棕榈硬脂代替氢化油作基料,开发适用于焙烤冷冻面团的专用油脂生产技术及配方.将棕榈硬脂与大豆油按7:3比例混合进行酯交换反应,得到酯交换油脂用于制备焙烤冷冻面团专用油脂.通过单因素及正交实验确定的O/W型专用油脂最佳制备条件为:复合乳化剂(Tween80和SE比例为1:1)添加量12%(总重),乳化温度75℃,乳化时间1 min,油水比例4:6.在最佳制备条件下,O/W型专用油脂的乳化稳定性为95%,黏度为175 Pa·8.     

利用棕榈油制备速冻食品专用油脂

以棕榈硬脂和棕榈液油为原料,开发适用于速冻食品的专用油脂生产技术及配方。将棕榈硬脂与棕榈液油按质量比1∶1复配,用于制备速冻食品专用油脂。通过正交实验分析,确定了专用油脂制备的最佳条件为:复合乳化剂(丙二醇酯与单甘酯质量比为1∶1)添加量为油质量的1%,乳化温度60℃,乳化时间10 min,油水质量比5∶1。在最佳条件下,制得的专用油脂的乳化稳定性为92.2%。     

以粟米糠油为原料制备营养型人造奶油基料油的研究

粟米糠油是谷子加工过程中的副产物,是一种富含不饱和脂肪酸的营养油类。使用粟米糠油制备人造奶油,不仅可以提高粮食副产物的综合利用,而且有益人们身体健康。以粟米糠油和氢化大豆油为原料,通过酶法酯交换制备人造奶油基料油,最优工艺条件为:反应时间为5 h,酶添加量为5%,反应温度为60℃,底物质量比为粟米糠油∶棕榈硬脂7 ∶ 3,反应后混合油脂熔点为36.5 ℃,主要晶型为β'型。反应后的混合油脂具有很好的延展性和可塑性,其作为人造奶油基料油有口感好,成本低廉,绿色环保等优点。     

酶催化酯交换法制备零反式脂肪酸人造奶油基料油的理化性质研究

以松籽油和棕榈油硬脂为原料,通过酶催化酯交换法生产零反式脂肪酸人造奶油基料油。酯交换反应得到油脂的主要脂肪酸组成为:棕榈酸(37.88%),油酸(28.30%),亚油酸(20.19%),同时含有少量功能性脂肪酸——松籽油酸(4.77%),且没有检测到反式脂肪酸;结构脂质的熔点为37.5℃,其固态脂肪含量在20、25、30℃和40℃时分别是40.28%、32.62%、22.06%、3.40%,并且其主要晶型是β’型。因此,酯交换反应得到的零反式脂肪酸油脂适合作为人造奶油的基料油。     

酶催化酯交换制备零反式脂肪酸食品专用油脂基料的性质研究

研究了以大豆油和极度氢化棕榈油为原料,采用脂肪酶Lipozyme TLIM催化酯交换反应制备的零反式脂肪酸食品专用油脂基料的性质。酶法酯交换反应条件为反应温度60℃、反应时间3 h、酶添加量4%(占油脂总质量)、大豆油与极度氢化棕榈油质量比4∶3。对比了酯交换反应前后混合油脂的热性质、固体脂肪含量、晶体形态和微观形态。结果表明:酶法酯交换反应后,产物熔融、结晶温度均降低;酯交换产物以β'晶型为主,晶体颗粒均匀、较小;当温度高于25℃后固体脂肪含量减小,产物在高于45℃时可全部融化。因此,酯交换油脂适用于制备烘焙型食品专用油脂基料。     

酶促酯交换对棕榈硬脂基塑性脂肪甘三酯组成及物理性能的影响

利用脂肪酶Lipozyme TLIM催化棕榈硬脂(PS)与大豆油(SO)(PS∶SO分别为9∶1,8∶2,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5,wt%)酯交换反应,研究酯交换反应前后混合油脂体系中甘三酯组成的变化及其与油脂物理性能的关系。结果发现,酯交换后油脂中PPP、LLL、POP、PPL、PLL、PLO六种甘三酯含量发生明显变化,其中PPP、LLL含量下降,PPL、PLL、PLO含量增加,而POP除9∶1外,其含量均下降;SSS(S代表饱和脂肪酸)和UUU(U代表饱和脂肪酸)型甘三酯含量下降,而SUU和SUS含量增大,导致油脂熔点和固体脂肪含量(SFC)均不同程度下降,从而可制备不同SFC要求的塑性脂肪。PS∶SO为7∶3、6∶4、5∶5时,酯交换后油脂β'晶型增多,可为人造奶油、速冻专用油脂等塑性脂肪提供理想晶型。     

Lipozyme TL IM催化制备零反式脂肪酸人造奶油基料油的研究

以棕榈硬脂和大豆油为原料,通过Lipozyme TL IM催化酯交换法制备零反式脂肪酸人造奶油基料油。对酯交换产物的甘三酯组成、固体脂肪含量、结晶速度等进行了分析,结果发现酯交换产物甘三酯组成发生了较大变化,固体脂肪含量降低,结晶速度明显提高,X-射线衍射分析表明酯交换产物为β'晶型,差示扫描量热分析表明酯交换产物具有较宽的塑性范围,适合用于制备人造奶油。     

1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的合成

为了解决1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)合成过程中不利于脂肪酶活性发挥的问题,采用两步法合成OPO,首先以棕榈硬脂和高油酸葵花籽油为原料通过化学酯交换反应得到相对棕榈硬脂熔点降低的油脂,再以化学酯交换油脂与油酸为原料在Lipozyme RM IM脂肪酶催化下进行酶法酸解反应得到OPO。通过单因素实验及响应面优化实验确定最优反应条件为棕榈硬脂与高油酸葵花籽油质量比2∶1、化学酯交换油脂与油酸质量比1∶1.45、酶添加量4%、反应温度50.40℃、反应时间5.29 h,该条件下OPO含量为27.26%,sn-2位棕榈酸占总棕榈酸含量为67.36%。以棕榈硬脂为原料合成OPO的新工艺一方面提升了高油酸植物油的使用价值,另一方面酶法酸解反应的温度适中,更有利于脂肪酶活性发挥。     

Effects of chemical interesterification on solid fat content and slip melting point of fat/oil blends

Fat/oil blends, formulated by mixing fully hydrogenated palm oil stearin or palm oil stearin with vegetable oils (canola oil and cottonseed oil) in different ratios from 30:70 to 70:30 (w/w %), were subjected to chemical interesterification reactions on a laboratory scale. Fatty acid (FA) composition, iodine value, slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC) of the starting blends were analysed and compared with those of the interesterified blends. SMPs of interesterified blends were decreased compared to starting blends because of extensive rearrangement of FAs among triacylglycerols. These changes in SMP were reflected in the SFCs of the blends after the interesterification. SFCs of the interesterified blends also decreased with respect to the starting blends, and the interesterified products were softer than starting blends. These interesterified blends can be used as an alternative to partial hydrogenation to produce a plastic fat phase that is suitable for the manufacture of margarines, shortenings and confectionary fats.     

Structured lipids obtained by chemical interesterification of olive oil and palm stearin

Interesterification of palm stearin (PS) with liquid vegetable oils could yield a good solid fat stock that may impart desirable physical properties, because PS is a useful source of vegetable hard fat, providing β′ stable solid fats. Dietary ingestion of olive oil (OO) has been reported to have physiological benefits such as lowering serum cholesterol levels. Fat blends, formulated by binary blends of palm stearin and olive oil in different ratios, were subjected to chemical interesterification with sodium methoxide. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, melting point, solid fat content (SFC) and consistency. Interesterification caused rearrangement of triacylglycerol species, reduction of trisaturated and triunsaturated triacylglycerols content and increase in diunsaturated-monosaturated triacylglycerols of all blends, resulting in lowering of melting point and solid fat content. The incorporation of OO to PS reduced consistency, producing more plastic blends. The mixture and chemical interesterification allowed obtaining fats with various degrees of plasticity, increasing the possibilities for the commercial use of palm stearin and olive oil.     

Production of trans‐free margarine stock by enzymatic interesterification of rice bran oil,palm stearin and coconut oil

BACKGROUND: Trans‐free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a spreadable margarine stock. Rice bran oil, palm stearin and coconut oil were used as substrates for lipase‐catalyzed reaction. RESULTS: After interesterification, 137–150 g kg^?1 medium‐chain fatty acid was incorporated into the triacylglycerol (TAG) of the interesterified fats. Solid fat contents at 25 °C were 15.5–34.2%, and slip melting point ranged from 27.5 to 34.3 °C. POP and PPP (β‐tending TAG) in palm stearin decreased after interesterification. X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the interesterified fats contained mostly β′ polymorphic forms, which is a desirable property for margarines. CONCLUSIONS: The interesterified fats showed desirable physical properties and suitable crystal form (β′ polymorph) for possible use as a spreadable margarine stock. Therefore, our result suggested that the interesterified fat without trans fatty acid could be used as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enzymatic interesterification of palm and coconut stearin blends

Hard fractions of palm oil and coconut oil, blended in the ratios of 90:10, 85:15, 80:20 and 75:25, were interesterified for 8 h using Lipozyme TL IM. Major fatty acids in the blends were palmitic acid (41.7–48.4%) and oleic acid (26.2–30.8%). Medium‐chain fatty acids accounted for 4.5–13.1% of the blends. After interesterification (IE), slip melting point was found to decrease from 44.8–46.8 °C to 28.5–34.0 °C owing to reduction in solids content at all temperatures. At 37.5 °C, the blends containing 25% coconut stearins had 17.4–19% solids, which reduced to 0.4–1.5% on IE, and the slip melting point (28.6 and 28.8 °C) indicated their suitability as margarine base. The reduction in solid fat index of the interesterified fats is attributed to the decrease in high‐melting triacylglycerols in palm oil (GS₃ and GS₂U type) and increase in triolein (GU₃) content from 1 to 9.2%. Retention of tocopherols and β‐carotene during IE was 76 and 60.1%, respectively, in 75:25 palm stearin and coconut stearin blend.     

Directed interesterification of a brazilian palm oil and analysis of the original and interesterified oil and its fractions

A commercial sample of the Brazilian palm oil from the north eastern State of Bahia after neutralisation, washing and drying was interesterified in the presence of sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) at 30°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst was destroyed by addition of water in a carbon dioxide atmosphere and the interesterified oil was crystallised from light petroleum, yielding an olein and stearin fraction. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the neutralised oil was determined by gas chromatography (g.c.) and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) respectively and was shown to be similar to that of Malaysian and African palm oil. The compositions of the interesterified Brazilian oil and its liquid and solid fractions were also determined. The physicochemical characteristics of the olein obtained by interesterification with NaK, such as iodine value (96.8) and its softening point (below ?8°C) indicated its suitability for the use as salad oil.     

Physicochemical and volatiles characterization of trans-free solid fats produced by lipase-catalyzed interesterification

ABSTRACT:  Trans -free solid fats were synthesized from fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO), olive oil (OO), and palm stearin (PS) at different substrate weight ratios (10:20:70, 10:40:50 and 10:50:40) via lipase-catalyzed interesterification. The interesterified products contained mostly TAG (98.8% to 99.0%), and small amounts of MAG and DAG as by-products. The major fatty acids were oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in the interesterified products, and the melting points ranged from 39 to 45 °C. The amount of α-tocopherol was reduced by 75% to 92%. Volatile analysis by solid-phase microextraction indicated that OO and PS had distinct volatile profiles, in which 18 volatiles were retained in interesterified products. Furthermore, some volatiles disappeared or formed during processing. Electronic nose showed that the odors of substrates (OO and PS) were different from each other, and the odors of interesterified products were distinguishable from that of OO or PS. Among the interesterified products, the odor of blend FHSBO:OO:PS of 10:40:50 or 10:50:40 was different from that of blend FHSBO:OO:PS (10:20:70). However, no odor difference was observed between products blend FHSBO:OO:PS 10:40:50 and 10:50:40.     

大豆油调和不同熔点棕榈液油的冷藏试验

为了制备适应不同储存温度的豆油-棕榈液油调和油,以大豆油与不同熔点棕榈液油为原料,采用冷藏试验方法优化抑晶剂种类、用量和调和油配方。结果表明,羟基硬脂精是效果最佳的抑晶剂,其最佳添加量为0.025%;调和油1(豆油70%+10℃棕榈油30% +羟基硬脂精0.025%)在0℃环境下储存可保持16h以上澄清透亮,在5℃条件可保持72h以上澄清透亮;调和油2(豆油70%+18℃棕榈油30%+羟基硬脂精0.025%)在10℃环境下可保持30h以上澄清透亮;调和油3(豆油60%+18℃棕榈油40%+羟基硬脂精0.025%)在15℃环境下可保持20h以上澄清透亮;调和油4(豆油60%+24℃棕榈油40%+羟基硬脂精0.025%)在20℃环境下可保持10h以上澄清透亮。     

利用酯交换法改进棕榈油硬脂的加工性能

将棕榈油硬脂(ST)与大豆油(SBO)按不同比例混合再进行酯交换反应可以得到不同固脂特征的油脂。实验发现,其中的酯交换油脂IE(70%ST 30%SBO)最适合于加工成通用型起酥油。对这种酯交换油脂的打发性、软硬度及氧化稳定性进行了分析,并与目前市场上常见的全棕榈油基起酥油进行了比较,发现酯交换油脂的柔软度和打发性能均优于后者,但其氧化稳定性不及全棕榈油基起酥油。     

Utilization of interesterified oil blends in the production of frankfurters

Ten treatments of frankfurters were produced with interesterified oil and oil blends (palm oil, palm stearin, cottonseed oil, hazelnut oil and their mixtures) and were compared to control, produced with all animal fat. Addition of interesterified oil and oil blends affected (p < 0.05) the moisture and fat content and pH values of frankfurters. According to the colour measurements, the brightness value (L^∗) of most of the samples with interesterified oil and oil blends were higher (p < 0.05) than the control. The fatty acid composition of frankfurters was modified. The PUFA/SFA values of frankfurters were increased due to the presence of interesterified oil and oil blends in the formulation. Frankfurters with 100% interesterified cottonseed oil or with interesterified oil blends with 66.6% and 83.4% cottonseed oil had PUFA/SFA ratio higher than 0.4 and are considered better than all others from the health point of view. Frankfurters produced with 100% interesterified cottonseed and hazelnut oil or with interesterified hazelnut oil blends had the same (p > 0.05) scores for sensory attributes with the control, while all other treatments were also acceptable.     

Zero trans shortening using rice bran oil, palm oil and palm stearin through interesterification at pilot scale

Fat blends, formulated by mixing refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm oil (PO) or RBD palm stearin (PS) with RBD rice bran oil (RBO) in various ratios were subjected to chemical interesterification (CIE) at pilot scale using sodium methoxide (NaOMe) as catalyst. The resultant interesterified fat was processed through a margarine crystalliser under optimised conditions. The blends before and after CIE were investigated for triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, solid fat content (SFC) and melting characteristics, polymorphic form, fatty acid composition (FAC), bioactive (tocols, sterols, oryzanol) constituents and trans fatty acids (TFA). CIE was found to be very effective in terms of rearrangement of fatty acids (FAs) among TAGs and consequent changes in the physical characteristics. The SFC of the interesterified PS/RBO blends decreased significantly ( P  ≤ 0.05) when compared with those of PO/RBO blends. The interesterified binary blends with 50–60% PS and 40–50% RBO, and 70–80% PO and 20–30% RBO had SFC curves in the range of all-purpose type shortenings. CIE facilitated the formation of β' polymorphic forms. FAC of shortenings prepared using the optimised blends contained 15–20% C_18:2 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and no TFA. Total tocol, sterol and oryzanol content of zero trans shortenings were 650–1145, 408–17 583 and 1309–14 430 ppm. CIE using NaOMe did not affect the bioactive constituents significantly ( P  ≤ 0.05).