不同品种的花生酱风味物质成分分析

选取5个花生品种,主要研究了花生酱的风味物质,采用气质联用（gas chromatography-mass spectrometery,GC-MS）进行风味物质成分分析。结果表明：测出的风味物质中,品种“白沙”总数为62种、品种“罗汉”为55种、品种“开农80”为46种、品种“传统”为46种、品种“鲁花8”为44种,该5个品种的花生主要风味物质为醇类、醛类、烃类、吡嗪类。其中品种“白沙”花生酱的风味物质种类较多,但吡嗪类物质较少,坚果香气很弱;其他四个品种花生酱的吡嗪类物质含量较高,但“鲁花8”花生酱中检测出较高含量的乙酸,从而产生尖酸味、香气较差。因此,该5个花生品种中风味物质最优的品种为“开农80”、“罗汉”和“传统”,也是最适宜加工成花生酱的品种。     

微波焙烤咸干花生在贮藏过程中的品质与风味变化

选取生产上有代表性的鲁花、四粒红、大白沙3个花生品种,采用中试规模的隧道式微波炉进行干燥脱水,制备微波焙烤咸干花生产品,冷却后密封分装保存于室温（20℃）条件下,考察贮藏过程中产品主要理化指标酸价、过氧化值、水分含量和7种典型挥发性风味物质[2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-3,5（6）-甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、2-戊基呋喃、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、苯甲醛、苯乙醛]含量的变化,采用Rancimat法推算产品货架期。发现随贮藏时间的延长,酸价、过氧化值增加,风味物质含量降低,其突变拐点均出现在27周左右,与产品货架期一致。进一步数据分析表明,酸价、过氧化值与水分含量呈显著的线性关系（p〈0.000 1）,其中酸价与水分含量的相关系数（R2值）为0.920 9,过氧化值与水分含量的R2值为0.963 9;典型相关性分析表明,风味成分含量与油脂氧化之间的相关关系显著,其中过氧化值与风味成分含量的关联度最大,R2值为0.993 0。原料不同,贮藏过程中微波焙烤花生品质和风味的变化也表现出一定差异,大白沙花生的酸价、过氧化值优于鲁花、四粒红,良好风味物质的总含量更高、损失速度更低,不良风味物质的含量更低、损失速度更高,与鲁花、四粒红相比,大白沙更适宜于生产微波焙烤咸干花生产品。     

花椒风味油的制取及品质研究

以花椒果皮为原料,采用大豆油热浸法制取花椒风味油。以花椒风味油的酸价、过氧化值和感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化制取工艺条件。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对花椒风味油和大豆油中挥发性风味成分进行测定。结果表明:制取花椒风味油的最佳工艺条件为浸提温度95℃、浸提时间20 min、花椒果皮添加量15%,在此条件下制取的花椒风味油香气浓郁、麻味足、色泽好且感官评分最高,其酸价(KOH)为0. 40 mg/g,过氧化值为5. 07 mmol/kg,感官评分为9. 1。花椒风味油中维生素E总量为1 869. 86 mg/kg,远高于大豆油中的742. 07 mg/kg;甾醇含量相较于大豆油几乎不变;脂肪酸组成与大豆油的基本相同;花椒风味油中共鉴定出9类83种挥发性风味成分,大豆油中共鉴定出8类25种挥发性风味成分,花椒风味油中挥发性风味成分主要是烯烃类和醇类(相对含量86. 99%),大豆油中主要是烯烃类和醛类(相对含量87. 26%);花椒风味油中醇类18种,占总量的40. 97%,大豆油中醇类仅1种,占总量的1. 74%;花椒风味油中醛类物质含量仅为1. 91%,而大豆油中醛类物质含量为12. 69%。     

不同产地花生酱的挥发性风味成分比较分析

为研究不同提取方法比较不同产地花生酱中挥发性风味物质的差异。采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和同时蒸馏萃取（SDE）两种方法提取4种不同国家花生酱,中国莺歌花生酱（Z）、美国四季宝花生酱（M）、澳大利亚贝科姆花生酱（A）、新西兰皮卡思花生酱（X）的挥发性风味物质,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对挥发性物质进行鉴定以内标法计算各类物质的含量,并结合气味活度值（OAV）方法分析不同风味物质对整体风味的贡献程度。结果表明：4种花生酱共鉴定出挥发性物质202种,其中SDE鉴定出70种,HS-SPME鉴定出142种。A、M、X、Z样品分别鉴定出71种、93种、58种和141种挥发性物质。HS-SPME鉴定挥发性成分更全面,而SDE法可较灵敏的检测吡嗪类和醛类成分。Z样品中含有最丰富的风味物质其中醛类风味物质含量最高为14 901.17 μg/kg。结合OAV分析得到：对四种花生酱的整体风味贡献程度较大的风味物质均为己醛、苯乙醛、苯乙醇、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-3,6-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪。Z样品的风味成分最丰富,风味品质要好于其他三种花生酱,其烤花生香味、杏味较突出。     

干制方式对腊乳鸽脂质氧化及风味的影响

以乳鸽为原料，对干腌后的原料分别进行连续高温干制和低温+高温干制，基于水分、酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值、色差、感官评定和挥发性风味指标的检测，探究不同干制方式对产品的脂质氧化、品质变化和挥发性风味差异的影响。结果表明：随着干制时间的延长，乳鸽的L*、a*、b*整体均呈下降趋势，酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值持续上升，且干制温度越高，上升速率越快；连续高温干制的腊乳鸽的酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值分别为2.33 mg/g、0.16 g/100 g和2.52 mg/100 g，产品共检出20种挥发性风味物质，7种关键挥发性风味物质；而低温+高温干制的腊乳鸽酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值分别为2.60 mg/g、0.18 g/100 g和1.98 mg/100 g，共检出34种风味物质，14种关键挥发性风味物质；其中辛醛、肉桂醛、壬醛、香草醛、异辛醇和苯乙酮是两种腊乳鸽产品共同的关键挥发性风味物质，其对风味贡献大。两种干制方式的腊乳鸽产品感官评分无显著性差异（P＞0.05），但低温+高温干制组检测出挥发性风味物质数量较多，脂质二级氧化产物较少，能更好地保留乳鸽的营养物质。     

辣椒品种对辣椒油挥发性风味物质的影响

采用6个不同品种的辣椒(线辣椒、朝天椒、二荆条、七星椒、三鹰椒、天等椒)制备辣椒油，测定其感官指标、酸价、过氧化值、色度值和挥发性物质，并结合主成分分析法研究6种辣椒油中特征挥发性风味物质的差异。感官评价结果表明，6种辣椒油的单一风味强度和整体风味强度均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。S5与其他5个样品比较，表现出相对较强的辛香味、胡椒味、香甜味和整体风味，其感官评分最高。辣椒油的酸价为0.11～0.17 mg/g，过氧化值为0.53～1.13 mmol/kg，均达到Q/TRX 0004S—2020《辣椒油(食用调味油)》中指标要求；S4辣椒油的亮度值(L*值)和黄值(L*值)最高，S3的红值(L*值)最大。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术共检测出60种挥发性化合物，主要有醛类、酯类、醇类和烯烃类，不同品种的辣椒对辣椒油中挥发性物质的含量有显著影响。芳樟醇、正己醛、反-2,4-庚二烯醛、反-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、乙酸甲酯、β-水芹烯、右旋萜二烯、桧烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯是导致辣椒油风味差异的主要物质，这11种化合物对辣椒油整体香气的组成起着决定性的作用。主成分分析显示，反-2,...     

不同品种花生酱品质特性研究

为研究不同品种花生酱的品质差异及筛选出适宜加工花生酱的优良品种,本实验选取6个花生品种,对其制备花生酱的感官品质、理化营养品质及稳定性等三个方面进行研究,并对各指标间的关系进行相关性分析。研究结果表明:不同品种花生酱中,感官总体得分差异较小,其分值最高的品种为山花9号(7.53分);营养品质中脂肪、蛋白质平均含量分别达48.75%和24.58%,品种间差异较小;稳定性值差异较大,其中过氧化值变异系数最高(73.64%),其值最低的品种为四粒红。花生酱的硬度和粘度呈极显著正相关(r=0.982);色泽中L*(明亮度)值与C*(色角饱和度)值和H(色度)值呈显著相关性(r=-0.921,r=0.996)。最后根据感官品质、理化营养品质和稳定性等指标,筛选出适合制备花生酱的花生品种为四粒红,其感官评分6.30分;色泽的L*为50.61;硬度和粘度分别为138.53 g和97.91 g;蛋白质与脂肪含量分别为27.29%和48.19%;稳定性中过氧化值和酸值最低分别为0.004 g/100 g和0.17 g[KOH]/g。     

鲜花生仁烘烤温度对花生酱风味和综合品质的影响

为了研究花生酱制作过程中花生仁烘烤温度对花生酱风味和综合品质的影响,以新鲜花生仁为原料,分别在130、140、150、160℃下烘烤30 min制作花生酱,采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-massspectrometry,GC-MS)技术对花生酱中挥发性成分进行分析鉴定,结合对花生酱风味感官评价及花生酱酸价、过氧化值、VE含量、甾醇含量、色泽等指标的综合评价,确定花生酱生产中较优的花生仁烘烤温度。GC-MS检测结果表明:烘烤温度为130℃时,花生酱挥发性成分中醛类相对含量为32.06%、吡嗪类相对含量为14.35%、呋喃类相对含量为10.57%,花生酱主要呈现甜香味;烘烤温度为140℃时,醛类相对含量为21.29%、吡嗪类相对含量为32.27%、呋喃类相对含量为13.61%,其中2-乙基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪等花生酱特征性风味物质在140℃时相对含量达到最高,花生酱呈现丰富的烘烤花生味,无焦糊味;烘烤温度为150℃时,醛类相对含量为11.74%、吡嗪类相对含量为31.95%、呋喃类相对含量为26.58%,花生酱烘烤香气加强,出现轻微焦糊味;烘烤温度为160℃时,醛类相对含量为3.47%、吡嗪类相对含量为31.93%、呋喃类相对含量为29.33%,花生酱呈现明显的焦糊味,甜香味消失。花生酱中VE和甾醇含量随花生仁烘烤温度的升高变化不明显,分别为22.72～23.73 mg/100 g和126.47～139.25 mg/100 g。花生酱亮度(L~*值)随烘烤温度升高逐渐降低,红绿度(a~*值)逐渐升高,黄蓝度(b~*值)先升高后降低。花生酱酸价随烘烤温度升高变化不明显,过氧化值则呈现先上升后下降的趋势。综上,为提升花生酱综合品质,花生仁最佳烘烤条件为烘烤温度140℃、烘烤时间30 min。     

花椒籽油与花椒油风味及综合品质对比分析

以新鲜花椒籽为原料,分别采用压榨法和浸出法得花椒籽毛油,对毛油进行精炼得花椒籽精炼油,检测花椒籽油中挥发性风味成分、酸价、过氧化值、酰胺类化合物含量及感官评价,并与8 个市售花椒油的品质进行对比。结果表明：新鲜花椒籽压榨和浸出毛油酸价（以KOH计）分别为5.94、7.37 mg/g,过氧化值分别为1.13、0.59 mmol/kg,明显优于贮存不当的花椒籽所制取的毛油,精炼花椒籽油的酸价和过氧化值均达到GB/T 22479—2008《花椒籽油》中一级油指标要求;花椒籽油中酰胺类化合物含量为7.82～9.80 mg/g,达到并明显优于DBS 51/008—2019《花椒油》中对应指标大于等于2.0 mg/g的要求,也在8 个市售花椒油酰胺类化合物含量7.92～19.11 mg/g范围之内;花椒籽油和花椒油中挥发性风味成分含量最高的均为烯烃类化合物,其次为醇类;2 种油脂的感官评价均呈现明显的麻味和辛辣味。新鲜压榨花椒籽油与作为风味油或调味油的商品花椒油相比,无论是在反映花椒油特征的酰胺类化合物含量和挥发性风味成分含量方面,还是感官评价方面均具有高度相似性和一致性。新鲜花椒籽压榨油香味浓郁、麻味强烈,可以作为优良的花椒籽风味油开发应用,这对实现花椒籽高值化加工利用有重要意义。     

低温储油对浓香菜籽油风味保鲜 和质量保鲜的作用

模拟食用植物油储存过程可能受环境因素影响的温度即常温储存（25℃）、夏季高温储存（45℃）、低温库储存（15℃）分别对浓香菜籽油进行储存，并在45℃和25℃各增加1个添加TBHQ浓香菜籽油样的储存，对储油定期取样采用同时蒸馏萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用（SDE-GC-MS）技术对其中挥发性风味成分进行检测，对油样酸价和过氧化值及维生素E和甾醇含量进行检测，分析研究不同储油温度及添加TBHQ对浓香菜籽油风味保鲜和质量保鲜的影响。结果表明：空白浓香菜籽油中初始挥发性成分总量为8439.75μg/kg，其中赋予菜籽油独特风味的硫苷降解产物的含量为3559.35 μg/kg，在相同储期（112d）内随温度升高（15℃、25℃、45℃）硫苷降解产物含量分别降低至3262.50、2141.46、1660.59 μg/kg，同时醛类物质含量从初始的893.15μg/kg分别升高至2441.07、2690.49、4185.69μg/kg，低温储存对浓香菜籽油中有益风味物质的保留和不良风味物质的抑制都有明显作用。在浓香菜籽油中添加TBHQ，在相同储期（112d）内随温度升高（25℃、45℃）其中挥发性成分总量大幅升高，这缘于TBHQ分解产物-醌类物质的形成，为此虽然硫苷降解产物含量（分别为2301.73、1784.75μg/kg）比空白浓香菜籽油中含量高，但在挥发性成分总量中所占比例则从初始的42.17%分别降低至16.71%和12.78%，而同期空白浓香菜籽油中硫苷降解产物的占比分别为27.51%、16.63%，最终醌类物质成为含量最高的挥发性成分，致使浓香菜籽油的特性辛辣香味明显减弱和不良风味产生。添加TBHQ和低温储存对抑制浓香菜籽油酸价和过氧化值升高及减少维生素E和甾醇损失均有一定作用，但低温储油对浓香菜籽油风味保鲜和质量保鲜的作用显著优于添加TBHQ储油，是值得推广应用的绿色生态储油技术。     

花生酱制备工艺、品质分析及安全性评价研究进展

花生酱含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质等,营养丰富,风味独特。本文在文献统计基础上,重点阐述了花生酱制备工艺、品质分析及安全性评价的研究进展。其制备工艺的流程为烘烤、冷却、去皮、一次碾磨、搅拌、二次碾磨和装罐;品质分析包括食用品质（色泽、质构与风味物质）、理化品质（粗蛋白、粗脂肪等）、稳定性分析（货架期和油分离）;安全性评价包括黄曲霉毒素、沙门氏菌等。最后对花生酱制备工艺、品质分析及安全性评价研究中存在的问题和重点方向进行了总结和展望。     

Optimization Analysis of Sunflower Butter

A sunflower butter product was formulated and processing conditions were varied to study their effect on the overall sensory and physical characteristics of the final product. Amounts of salt, sugar, and stabilizer as well as roast level were optimized to yield a sunflower butter that most closely resembles peanut butter, in both physical and sensory quality. To produce a wide range of flavor, aroma, color, and texture attributes, 2 roasting levels (high and low), 2 sugar levels (7% and 9%), 2 salt levels (0.9% and 1.1%), and 3 stabilizer (Dritex‐C) levels (1.6%, 1.7%, and 1.8%) were selected. Sunflower butter formulations were rated more “earthy” and less “salty” than peanut butter, but differences in the “sweet” attribute were small. Largest differences in the textural sensory attributes were denoted for the initial firmness and spreadability, with panel judging sunflower butter samples less spreadable and having a higher initial firmness. The panel rated sunflower butters more adhesive at the 1st bite; however, once chewed, sunflower butters were rated as less adhesive and higher on the “ease of swallow”. Cluster analysis on sensory data revealed the “best” formulation to have 1.8% stabilizer, 7% sugar, 1.1% salt, and a low roast level. Cluster analysis on the instrumental hardness, adhesion, oil separation, and color profile revealed the formulation closest to the controls to have the same amount of sugar and roast level, but 1.6% of stabilizer and 0.9% salt instead.     

Functionality of Palm Oil as a Stabilizer in Peanut Butter

ABSTRACT: Studies have shown that palm oil is an effective stabilizer in peanut butter. The objective of our investigation was to better define the role of palm oil as a stabilizer. Peanut butters without and with palm oil added at concentrations of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w of peanuts), and Fix-X™ (hydrogenated rapeseed and cottonseed oils as commercial control) were stored at 0, 21, 30, and 45 °C for 23 wk. Palm oil improved the oil holding capacity (OHC) of peanut butters, but had no effect on their adhesiveness and hardness characteristics. The unstabilized and palm oil-stabilized peanut butters were not as good as the Fix-X™ stabilized peanut butters with regard to their OHC, hardness, and adhesiveness characteristics.     

Sensory and Physical Properties of Peanut Butter Treated with Palm Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil to Prevent Oil Separation

Sensory properties of peanut butters stabilized with 0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% palm oil (PO) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and stored for 153 d at 0, 21, 30, and 45 °C were determined. Oxidized flavor in unstabilized peanut butter (UPB) and PO was compared with HVO to determine shelf-life. Shelf-life of UPB stored at 21, 30, and 45 °C was 75 d. Peanut butter with 2.5% palm oil had a shelf-life of 113 d. Regression analysis indicated a linear association for the attributes graininess, hardness, oiliness, mouthdryness, and spreadability with day, treatment, and temperature. No linear relationships existed between stickiness, adhesiveness, and gumminess and day, temperature, and levels of PO.     

Roasted Peanuts and Peanut Butter Quality are Affected by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Roasted peanuts were extracted using supercritical CO₂ (413.6 bar, 50–60° for 0, 2 or 4 hr). Peanuts were evaluated for shatter, tristimulus color, shear-compression force, moisture, lipid content, and sensory attributes. Extracted nuts were prepared into peanut butter and evaluated for color, relative torque resistance ratio, and sensory attributes. Lipid content decreased from 51.6 to 40.6% during 4 hr extraction. SFE increased shatter, shear-compression force, and Hunter L-value, but decreased hue angle, roasted aroma intensity, moistness of mass, fracturability, and roasted flavor intensity of peanuts. SFE increased the relative torque resistance ratio, and adhesiveness of peanut butter but had little effect upon flavor. SFE may be useful to reduce peanut contaminants and lipids to produce value-added peanut products.     

Minimal effects of high-pressure treatment on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium inoculated into peanut butter and peanut products

About 1.2 billion pounds of peanut butter are consumed annually in the United States. In 2008 to 2009, an outbreak involving Salmonella Typhimurium in peanut butter led to a recall of over 3900 products by over 200 companies. More than 700 people became sick, 100 were hospitalized, and 9 people died from this outbreak. This study examines the efficacy of high-pressure processing (HPP) to decrease S. Typhimurium American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 53647 inoculated into peanut butter and model systems. The viability of S. Typhimurium in peanut butter stored at room temperature was investigated. A culture of S. Typhimurium (6.88 log CFU/g) was inoculated into peanut butter. Following 28 d at 20 °C there was a 1.23-log reduction. Approximately 10(6) to 10(7) CFU/g S. Typhimurium were inoculated into 4 brands of peanut butter, 3 natural peanut butters and peanut flour slurries at 2, 5, and 10% peanut flour protein in peanut oil and in distilled water. All were treated at 600 MPa for 5 min at 45 °C. While significant differences were found between natural peanut butter and peanut protein mixtures, the reduction was <1.0 log. The peanut flour/oil mixtures had a 1.7, 1.6, and 1.0-log reduction from HPP (2, 5, and 10% protein, respectively) whereas peanut flour/water mixtures had a 6.7-log reduction for all protein levels. Oil had a protective effect indicating HPP may not help the microbial safety of water-in-oil food emulsions including peanut butter. Practical Application: There have been multiple outbreaks of foodborne illness involving peanut butter products. This study looks at the potential use of high-pressure processing to reduce the bacteria that may be in peanut butter.     

稳定型花生酱的研制

确定了稳定型花生酱生产的操作要点,重点研究了工艺流程、稳定剂种类及用量对成品酱体态、口感及稳定性的影响。结果表明,花生仁经破碎、混合配料、粗磨、精磨,以14%蛋白粉、1.5%单甘酯混合作为稳定剂,再辅以适量的抗氧化剂和调味料,可得到风味、色泽、质地、口感均极佳的产品。