蒲公英脂溶性成分对沙门氏菌抑菌作用机理

目的:研究蒲公英脂溶性成分对沙门氏菌的抑菌活性及其作用机理。方法:采用索氏提取法提取蒲公英脂溶性成分,纸片抑菌法分析蒲公英脂溶性成分对常见食源性致病菌沙门氏菌的抑菌作用,紫外分光光度法研究了蒲公英脂溶性成分的最低抑菌浓度,通过紫外核酸物质测定、倒置荧光显微镜染色观察、电子显微镜细菌形态分析细胞膜完整性。结果:当蒲公英脂溶性成分浓度为10 mg/mL时,抑菌圈直径为11.3 mm;紫外分光光度测定最小抑菌浓度为8 mg/mL;紫外核酸物质测定、荧光染色观察及电镜细胞形态分析均显示蒲公英脂溶性成分对细胞膜有明显破坏作用。结论:蒲公英脂溶性成分对沙门氏菌有很好抑菌活性,初步确定其抑菌作用与对菌体细胞膜的破坏作用有关。     

溪黄草水提取物及其抑菌效果研究

以水作为浸提溶剂,研究了溪黄草水提取物对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、青霉和黑曲霉的抑菌效果。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了溪黄草抑菌物的提取工艺条件为:提取温度为90℃,提取时间为1.5h,料液比为1∶15(g/mL),在此条件下进行抑菌试验,溪黄草水提取物对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌具有明显的抑制作用,其抑菌圈分别为13.8mm与15.4mm,对青霉和黑曲霉菌的抑制作用不明显。并采用光电比浊法验证了溪黄草水提取物的抑菌活性。结果表明在相同条件下,溪黄草水提取物对沙门氏菌的抑菌活性要强于大肠杆菌。     

蕨菜抑菌活性物质提取工艺优化

用金黄色葡萄球菌做指示菌,以抑菌圈直径为活性追踪指标对蕨菜抑菌活性物质的提取工艺进行研究。结果表明:蕨菜的乙醇、丙酮、甲醇、二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯提取液具有抑菌活性,其中乙醇的抑菌效果最好;在乙醇浓度90%,提取温度70℃,提取时间5h,料液比1:8的条件下,蕨菜提取液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达到19.61mm。蕨菜提取液对枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌也有抑菌活性,其抑菌效果接近,稍强于金黄色葡萄球菌。     

山皂荚多糖的提取工艺及抑菌活性

以山皂荚多糖为研究对象,在单因素的基础上,以液固比、提取时间、提取温度作为主要影响因素,使用响应面设计法优化了山皂荚多糖的提取工艺,并使用滤纸片扩散法对所提多糖进行抑菌活性试验。结果表明:山皂荚多糖的最佳提取工艺为:液固比501(mL/g),提取温度65℃,提取时间80min,山皂荚多糖的得率可达(31.52±0.54)%;山皂荚多糖溶液浓度为100mg/mL时,对细菌的抑菌效果为:沙门氏菌大肠杆菌蜡样芽孢杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌金黄色葡萄球菌,山皂荚多糖抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为25,50,50,25,50mg/mL。     

蕨麻抑菌成分的提取工艺研究

为了研究蕨麻中抑菌活性物质的提取工艺,以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为指示菌,以抑菌圈直径为活性检验指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验优化工艺参数。试验结果表明,对蕨麻抑菌活性物质提取效果的影响次序是:乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、固液比;其最佳提取工艺条件:乙醇体积分数80%,提取温度70℃,提取时间8h,固液比1:10。在此条件下,蕨麻提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为15.6mm和15.3mm。     

桂花黄色素微波预处理提取及抑菌作用研究

以汉中桂花为原料,通过微波辅助提取法,以乙醇浓度、回流时间、回流温度及料液比等因素为变量,黄色素提取率为响应值,设计正交试验得到黄色素提取最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明,最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度80%、回流时间80 min、回流温度80℃、料液比1∶20(g/m L)。在此条件下,桂花黄色素提取率可达18.42%。同时,抑菌试验证实,桂花黄色素对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、沙门氏菌均有较好的抑菌效果。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性最为显著,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为1.0 mg/m L;对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、沙门杆菌的MIC均为1.5 mg/m L。此外,桂花黄色素对食品还具有一定的防腐功能。     

夏枯草总黄酮的提取与抑菌活性研究

首先采用单因素和正交设计试验优化总黄酮提取工艺,再分析其抑菌活性。结果发现,夏枯草总黄酮的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度50%,料液比1:30(g/mL),时间3 h,温度80℃,得率可达5.05%。该提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌有明显的抑菌效果,抑菌圈直径分别为27.6 mm和22.5 mm,对大片酵母菌、黑曲霉没有抑菌效果。     

广藿香总黄酮提取工艺及抑菌活性研究

优化广藿香总黄酮提取工艺并评价其抑菌活性。在单因素试验的基础上选择提取时间、温度、液料比采用三因素三水平的RSM试验设计,优化其工艺参数;通过对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌及枯草芽孢杆菌抑制作用评价广藿香总黄酮抑菌作用。通过RMS模型预测,最优提取条件为:乙醇浓度85%,提取温度86.5℃,提取时间90 min,液料比51.2∶1(mL/g),提取1次,在此条件下广藿香总黄酮提取率理论值为0.889 mg/g。实际值为(0.878±0.027)mg/g(n=3);广藿香总黄酮浓缩液对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及大肠杆菌均具有明显的抑制作用,与5%苯甲酸钠溶液抑菌活性相当。     

壳聚糖-蒲公英提取物的抑菌活性与稳定性研究

研究天然抑菌剂壳聚糖和蒲公英提取物联用抑菌活性和抑菌稳定性。分别测定壳聚糖和蒲公英提取物对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄葡萄球菌的抑菌最小浓度以及在最小抑菌浓度下的抑菌率和抑菌圈直径,并研究了壳聚糖和蒲公英提取物联用时的抑菌活性与抑菌稳定性。结果表明:单独使用壳聚糖与蒲公英提取物,均对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄葡萄球菌有一定的抑菌活性。两者联用后,抑菌活性较单独使用有所提高。将联用抑菌剂通过不同温度、p H和紫外照射时间处理后测定可知,壳聚糖与蒲公英提取物联用抑菌剂在40~60℃、p H为5~7和紫外照射时间20~40 min的情况下仍具有较强的抑菌活性,抑菌稳定性良好。     

蒲公英多酚的提取及其活性研究

[目的]研究蒲公英多酚的抗氧化活性和抑菌活性,为蒲公英资源的开发利用提供基础理论研究。[方法]本研究利用热水浸提法提取蒲公英多酚,D101大孔吸附树脂分离纯化,并对其提取物进行抗氧化活性和抑菌活性的测定。[结果]以该法提取的蒲公英多酚,其提取量占蒲公英干草的0.219%且多酚含量为0.124mg·m L~(-1)。蒲公英多酚的总抗氧化活性及其对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2)的清除率均随样品浓度的增加而增大,且总抗氧化活性、对·OH和·O_2的清除作用均强于VC。蒲公英多酚对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌均有一定的抑菌作用,对金黄色葡萄球和枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌作用更为明显。[结论]蒲公英多酚具有良好的抗氧化活性和抑菌效果,可为天然食品抗氧化剂和防腐剂的开发利用。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.