提取方法对大豆种皮多糖乳化能力的影响

为探寻高乳化能力大豆种皮多糖最佳提取方法,分别考察、对比微波辅助草酸法(SMO)、微波辅助草酸铵法(SMA)、草酸提取法(SNO)和草酸铵提取法(SNA)制备的大豆种皮多糖的乳化能力,并与市售高酯果胶及低酯果胶作对比。通过测定添加不同多糖乳状液的界面蛋白质吸附量、多糖吸附量、界面张力、Zeta电位、粒径分布及乳析指数等指标,确定大豆种皮多糖的乳化能力。结果表明,添加SMO、SMA、SNO和SNA乳状液的界面蛋白质分别为50.36%,53.76%,36.16%,49.16%;多糖吸附量分别为51.97%,56.21%,49.09%,52.05%;界面张力分别为41.56,39.34,46.97,43.54 m N/m,其中添加SMA乳状液的界面张力较低;Zeta电位分别为-22.90,-31.30,-17.78,-30.80 m V,其中添加SMA乳状液的Zeta电位绝对值较高,而SNO较低;添加SMA乳状液的粒度分布较集中,呈标准的正态分布,且常温贮藏30 d后,未出现明显的乳析现象,表明SMA界面活性较高,且界面膜稳定性较好,优于其它3种大豆种皮多糖及对照组低酯果胶和高酯果胶。     

超声波辅助提取金柚柚皮中柚皮苷的工艺优化及其抗氧化能力研究

以金柚柚皮为对象,采用超声波辅助浸提法,优化提取金柚柚皮中的柚皮苷,对其在体外水平及细胞水平的抗氧化能力进行分析与讨论。选取时间、超声波功率与料液比为主要参数进行单因素试验,随后采用响应面模型对其提取条件进行优化。结果表明:提取金柚柚皮中柚皮苷的最佳时间为71 min,超声波功率为600 W,料液比为1∶28(g/mL),在该条件下通过验证试验得到提取率为(3.8±0.4)%。此外,不同浓度柚皮苷提取物的体外抗氧化能力在自由基体系中均具有较为理想的效果。通过经2,2-偶氮二(2-甲基丙基咪)二盐酸盐(2,2'-azobis-2-methylpropanimidamide,AAPH)诱导的红细胞溶血模型,探究柚皮苷提取物在细胞水平上的抗氧化能力,结果发现柚皮苷提取物在浓度为5.35μg/mL时,红细胞的溶血率与AAPH组相比,显著降低,为(6.2±1.4)%,表明得到的柚皮苷提取物能有效保护红细胞免受AAPH自由基的攻击,从而显著性降低红细胞在氧化应激条件下的红细胞溶血率。     

微波辅助提取工艺对大豆种皮水溶性多糖-蛋白乳状液乳化活性及表面电位的影响

研究微波功率、微波时间和料液比3?个因素对大豆种皮多糖-蛋白乳状液的乳化活性指数（emulsifying activity index,EAI）及稳定性的影响。EAI随微波时间延长先增加后减小,随微波功率增加而呈现上升趋势,微波时间与料液比相互作用对EAI影响显著。Zeta电位绝对值随着微波功率的升高先增大后减小。通过综合优化筛选,确定乳化稳定性较好的大豆种皮多糖提取工艺条件为微波功率480?W、微波时间35?min、料液比1∶20（g/mL）,在此工艺条件下获得的多糖-蛋白乳状液EAI为46.15?m2/g,Zeta电位绝对值为34.3?mV,均优于不添加大豆种皮多糖的大豆分离蛋白乳状液（EAI为16.31?m2/g,Zeta电位绝对值为21.5?mV）。研究结果为工业化制备具有高乳化稳定性的大豆种皮多糖提供参考。     

苦菊提取物的抗氧化活性研究

目的研究苦菊提取物的体外抗氧化作用。方法苦菊经95%乙醇加热回流、石油醚脱脂、乙酸乙酯提取和大孔吸附树脂乙醇洗脱,取60%乙醇的洗脱液挥干后得到提取物。通过二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH·)和超氧阴离子(O2-)清除能力的检测,及2,2’-偶氮-双-(2-脒基丙烷)氯化二氢(AAPH)诱导的红细胞溶血模型的测试,总体评价该提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果该提取物能有效清除DPPH·和O2-·,其清除能力呈浓度依赖性,且清除O2-·的能力比阳性对照药维生素C更佳。同时,该提取物能有效防止AAPH诱导的兔红细胞溶血,提示具有预防机体细胞组织氧化应激损伤的作用。结论苦菊提取物具有很好的抗氧化活性,为其在食品和药品的抗氧化剂应用提供参考。     

响应面试验优化龙眼肉多糖乙酰化工艺及其抗氧化活性

对龙眼肉多糖进行乙酰化修饰最佳工艺研究,采用乙酸酐法制备乙酰化龙眼肉多糖,以取代度为指标,采用响应面法对工艺条件进行优化,并研究乙酰化龙眼肉多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果显示,龙眼肉多糖的最佳乙酰化条件为：乙酸酐-多糖物质的量比（投料比）10.2∶1、反应温度42 ℃、反应时间30 min。该工艺条件下龙眼肉多糖乙酰化取代度达到0.443。乙酰化龙眼肉多糖能够清除羟自由基、抑制脂质过氧化以及H2O2诱导的红细胞溶血,半数抑制浓度（IC50）分别为702.41、646.04 μg/mL和380.11 μg/mL,表现出比未修饰龙眼肉多糖更强的抗氧化活性。     

苦菊提取物的抗氧化活性研究

目的 研究苦菊提取物的体外抗氧化作用.方法 苦菊经95%乙醇加热回流、石油醚脱脂、乙酸乙酯提取和大孔吸附树脂乙醇洗脱,取60%乙醇的洗脱液挥干后得到提取物.通过二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH·)和超氧阴离子(O2·)清除能力的检测,及2,2'-偶氮-双-(2-脒基丙烷)氯化二氢(AAPH)诱导的红细胞溶血模型的测试,总体评价该提取物的体外抗氧化活性.结果 该提取物能有效清除DPPH·和O2·,其清除能力呈浓度依赖性,且清除O2·的能力比阳性对照药维生素C更佳.同时,该提取物能有效防止AAPH诱导的兔红细胞溶血,提示具有预防机体细胞组织氧化应激损伤的作用.结论 苦菊提取物具有很好的抗氧化活性,为其在食品和药品的抗氧化剂应用提供参考.     

东革阿里多糖对红细胞氧化溶血的保护作用

采用超声结合水提的方法提取东革阿里的多糖,通过L9(34)正交试验确定最佳提取条件。利用柱层析纯化得到一种含糖醛酸的新型多糖组分Ali-1;通过分子量检测和单糖组成分析对Ali-1进行基本结构表征;采用氧自由基吸收能力(ORAC)和人血红细胞溶血模型测定多糖的抗氧化活性,并同时测定红细胞内活性氧物质(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)水平和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)抗氧化酶活力的变化。结果表明:东革阿里多糖最佳提取条件为料液比1:40、浸提温度95℃、超声波破碎功率300 W、浸提时间2 h,最适条件下东革阿里的粗多糖得率为10.09%;Ali-1的平均分子量为14.3 ku,主要由木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸组成,其摩尔比为:4.43:1.10:1:1.14;Ali-1的QRAC值为302.48±2.71μmol Trolox/g,且Ali-1的预处理使得AAPH损伤的人血红细胞内的ROS和MDA水平降低,使红细胞恢复到正常状态;虽SOD、GSH-Px和CAT平均酶活力降低,但结果表明较弱的红细胞也受到了保护。综上所述,经分离纯化后的东革阿里多糖组分Ali-1可以保护人血红细胞免受AAPH的损伤,具有较好的抗氧化活性。     

五种药食同源花提取物体外协同抗氧化作用

通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除试验和2,2-偶氮二(2-甲基丙基咪)二盐酸盐(2,2-azobis-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,AAPH)诱导红细胞溶血试验评价菊花、金银花、槐花、代代花、白扁豆花水提物和水提物的复配物(菊花50%,槐花18%,白扁豆花15%,代代花12%,金银花5%)的抗氧化性,并讨论五种药食同源花的协同抗氧化作用。结果表明五种药食同源花的提取物及其复配物均具有一定程度的抗氧化能力。在DPPH体系中,根据自由基的半数清除率(IC₅₀值),各提取物抗氧化能力大小顺序为复配物(IC₅₀=97.83 μg/mL) > 槐花(IC₅₀=98.63 μg/mL) > 菊花(IC₅₀=140.79 μg/mL) > 金银花(IC₅₀=146.35 μg/mL) > 代代花(IC₅₀=692.24 μg/mL) > 白扁豆花(IC₅₀=701.51 μg/mL),复配物表现出明显的协同抗氧化效果。AAPH诱导红细胞溶血体系中,复配物和槐花提取物表现出很强的溶血抑制作用,而金银花、菊花、代代花以及白扁豆花提取物仅表现出较弱的抑制作用。剂量在50~300 μg/mL时槐花提取物对红细胞的溶血抑制率小于复配物,当剂量达到300 μg/mL时,槐花提取物和复配物对红细胞的溶血抑制率分别为77.83%±1.85%和80.94%±1.46%,这说明五种药食同源花提取物之间存在协同抗氧化作用。     

亚麻木酚素对AAPH诱导的红细胞和肝组织氧化应激的保护作用

探讨了亚麻木酚素的抗氧化活性及机制,测定了亚麻木酚素对DPPH自由基的清除能力,建立AAPH氧化损伤大鼠红细胞和肝组织模型,研究了亚麻木酚素对氧化损伤红细胞溶血率和血红蛋白氧化率的影响,以及其对红细胞和肝组织氧化损伤模型丙二醛(MDA)和抗氧化酶的影响。结果显示:亚麻木酚素对DPPH自由基具有清除作用;亚麻木酚素对红细胞溶血和血红蛋白氧化的保护作用呈现浓度依赖性,与AAPH作用4 h的模型组相比,50μmol/L和100μmol/L亚麻木酚素的保护作用显著提高;在AAPH诱导的红细胞氧化应激模型中,100μmol/L和150μmol/L亚麻木酚素显著降低了AAPH损伤4 h时MDA含量,并显著提高了GSH-Px的酶活,150μmol/L亚麻木酚素显著增加了AAPH损伤2 h和4 h时的SOD和CAT的酶活;在AAPH诱导的肝组织模型中,150μmol/L亚麻木酚素能有效降低不同AAPH损伤时间(1～4 h)所增加的MDA含量,增加AAPH损伤4 h时降低的SOD和CAT酶活。说明亚麻木酚素具有抗氧化活性,能够抑制脂质过氧化,保护红细胞和肝组织内抗氧化酶系的活性。     

果胶多糖水热法降解及其产物体外抗氧化性评价

采用水热法降解商品果胶多糖,并对其降解产物的抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,水热法降解果胶多糖的最优工艺条件为水热处理温度140 ℃、水热处理时间30 min、pH 6;在此条件下,果胶多糖降解产物得率达46.2%。在此基础上,采用乙醇分级沉淀法对果胶多糖水热处理液进行分离,得到3 种不同分子质量范围的果胶多糖降解产物（S1、S2和S3）,其重均分子质量分别为13.4、7.5 kDa和5.7 kDa。以商品果胶多糖和3 种降解产物为研究对象,进行抗氧化性评价,结果表明,S1组分对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基的清除率达49.8%,是商品果胶的4 倍;S3组分对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率达58.7%,是商品果胶的10 倍。说明水热降解果胶多糖可显著提高其抗氧化活性,为果渣废弃物的高效利用提供理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the