乳铁蛋白热稳定性研究

研究了乳铁蛋白的热稳定性。对乳铁蛋白中性水溶液进行不同程度的热处理,从电泳、表面疏水性、游离巯基质量分数、铁结合能力和抑菌性角度评价乳铁蛋白的热稳定性。结果表明,随热处理强度增加,乳铁蛋白的电泳特征条带减弱;表面疏水性增加;游离巯基增加;铁结合能力和抑菌性降低。乳铁蛋白属于热敏性物质,过强的热处理对乳铁蛋白具有不同程度的损害。     

乳铁蛋白和乳铁素的抗菌活性比较

牛乳铁蛋白是从牛乳中提取出来的一种铁结合性糖蛋白，牛乳铁素是从牛乳铁蛋白N-端水解下来的25个氨摹酸残荩。它们具有多种乍物学功能，其中的广谱抗菌性尤为引人注目。本实验以牛初乳中提取的乳铁蛋白及其水解产物乳铁素为研究对象，选取大肠杆菌为实验菌株，进行铁饱和乳铁蛋白和缺铁性乳铁蛋白、乳铁素对大肠杆菌生长抑制的比较研究。研究结果表明：铁饱和乳铁蛋白、缺铁性乳铁蛋白和乳铁索的最小抑菌浓度分别为6mg／ml、3mg／ml和15μg／ml，乳铁素的最小杀菌浓度为30μg／ml。乳铁蛋白水解后，经纯化获得的乳铁素，其抗菌能力较缺铁性乳铁蛋白增加200倍，较铁饱和乳铁蛋白增加400倍。     

乳铁蛋白抑菌活性及机理研究

乳铁蛋白对G-和G 都有抑菌效果,乳铁蛋白对G-的作用比较强.铁饱和度越低,抑菌性越强.环境pH值变化对G-影响不大,对G 影响较大,pH为7.5～8.0时抑菌效果最佳.乳铁蛋白经过70℃以下的巴氏杀菌后抑菌活性没有影响.HCO3-浓度增加,有利于增强抑菌性.柠檬酸盐和阳离子浓度增加会使抑菌活性下降.圆二色性分析表明,随着铁饱和度的增加,乳铁蛋白的α-螺旋构象逐步转变为β-折叠构象,蛋白质分子排列更为有序,分子的结构变得更加紧密.DSC研究表明乳铁蛋白的N-叶和C-叶铁结合能力不同造成热稳定性差异,低铁饱和度时较高的抑菌活性主要来自于C-叶.     

果酒中铁的测定

果酒中铁含量过高不但影响果酒的颜色和口味，还容易产生沉淀而影响其感官指标。铁的化合物有二价和三价两种状态，而人体能够吸收利用的是二价铁，将二价铁和三价铁分离，分别测定。一方面可以了解果酒中铁是否超标，另一方面可以了解其对人体的生理意义。     

乳酸菌发酵黄浆水的抗氧化研究

应用鼠李糖乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵豆腐黄浆水,分析了黄浆水和发酵黄浆水还原三价铁、清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基以及螯合二价铁的能力.结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌发酵黄浆水的还原力最强,显著高于鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵的黄浆水和未发酵的黄浆水;经过发酵的黄浆水清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基的能力明显大于未发酵黄浆水,但是菌种和发酵时间影响不大;螯合二价铁的能力依次为鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵的黄浆水＞嗜酸乳杆菌发酵的黄浆水＞未发酵黄浆水,且延长发酵时间能提高其螯合二价铁的能力.     

木质活性炭中铁含量测定的探讨

比较了二价铁和三价铁作为标准物质,采用1,10菲啰啉分光光度法测定木质活性炭中铁的含量。使用三价铁作为标准溶液,与国家标准(GB/T 12496.19-1999)使用二价铁作为标准溶液测定木质活性炭中铁含量的检验方法的测定结果具有很高的一致性。方法相对标准偏差为1.41%,准确度较高,适用于木质活性炭中铁含量的分析。     

牛乳铁蛋白及乳铁素的生产与应用现状

牛奶中的乳铁蛋白和其水解产物乳铁素具有多种生物活性功能。综述了国外的乳铁蛋白和乳铁素生产、分离和纯化的方法,并介绍了乳铁蛋白和乳铁素作为食品保存剂、抗氧化剂、营养强化剂、免疫强化剂、免疫调节剂等应用的现状。展望了我国乳铁蛋白和乳铁素生产的前景。     

糖果、饮料中总铁和亚铁的测定

铁是人体必需的微量元素之一。它是血红蛋白、肌红蛋白和细胞色素中的重要成份。它能通过血液传递氧气,是人和动物赖以生存的元素。 在食品中铁的化合物有二价和三价二种状态。三价铁化合物较为稳定,二价铁则在各种环境中都能被空气氧化成三价铁。人体能吸收利用的主要为二价铁。目前由于儿童的贫血较为普遍,因此在食品中加入一定量的亚铁化合物以强化食品中的铁,来纠正儿童的贫血现象,临床证明有显著的效果。     

含乳铁素的酸乳制品对淋巴细胞增殖的影响

本研究采用MTT法分别测定了含乳铁蛋白水解物的酸乳制品、乳铁蛋白水解物以及乳铁素对小鼠外周血单核细胞以及脾细胞的增殖影响。结果显示,含乳铁蛋白水解物的酸乳制品、乳铁蛋白水解物以及乳铁素都有不同程度的免疫刺激作用,其中乳铁素的免疫刺激作用最强。     

乳铁蛋白粉名不符实 专家建议不宜给孩子盲目补

正作为乳汁中一种特有的活性蛋白物质,乳铁蛋白被广泛认为具有调节免疫、抑制病毒和有害菌等作用,其产品也因此受到不少家长的追捧。然而,记者近日走访市场发现,一些所谓的乳铁蛋白粉实质上是带有"乳铁"商标的乳清蛋白固体饮料。"乳铁"注册商标成行业潜规则乳铁蛋白粉、乳铁蛋白调制乳粉、乳铁蛋白复合粉、乳铁乳清蛋白复合粉、乳铁蛋白复合粉固体饮     

薯类作物中铁含量的测定

介绍了薯类作物中铁离子含量的测定方法。文中用干灰化法处理样品,把样品置于530℃马福炉中灰化,使铁游离出来,再用盐酸羟胺将其还原成Fe2+,用邻二氮菲分光光度法在510 nm波长处测定橙红色络和物Fe(Phen)32+的吸光度,由标准曲线及样品的吸光度可查得样品溶液的铁含量。经过测定和计算,薯类作物中铁含量大小顺序为马铃薯、芋头、魔芋、菱角、荸荠、山药、红薯。     

金刚石砂轮中全铁的分析新方法

报道了无汞测铁技术应用于金刚石砂轮中全铁的测定新方法。用甲基橙作为SnCl2还原Fe3+的指示剂,再用K2Cr2O7标准溶液滴定亚铁。试验结果表明,该法简单、快速、准确可靠对环境无汞污染。     

Ironmaking with ammonia at low temperature

This paper describes the reduction of hematite with ammonia for ironmaking, in which the effect of temperature on the products was examined. The results showed that the reduction process began at 430 °C during heating, and with an increase in temperature, the reduction mechanism changed apparently from a direct reduction of ammonia (Fe(2)O(3) + 2NH(3) → 2Fe + N(2) + 3H(2)O) to an indirect reduction via the thermal decomposition of ammonia (2NH(3) → N(2) + 3H(2), Fe(2)O(3) + 3H(2) → 2Fe + 3H(2)O) at temperatures over 530 °C. The final product obtained at 600 and 700 °C was pure metallic iron, in contrast with that formed at 450 °C, that is, a mixture of metallic iron and iron nitride. The results suggest the possibility of using ammonia as a reducing agent for carbonless ironmaking, which is operated at a much lower temperature than 900 °C in conventional coal-based ironmaking.     

Control of ferrous iron oxidation within circumneutral microbial iron mats by cellular activity and autocatalysis

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidation by microbial iron mat samples, dominated by helical stalks of Gallionella ferruginea or sheaths of Leptothrix ochracea, was examined. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for the microbial mat samples ranged from 0.029 +/- 0.004 to 0.249 +/- 0.042 min(-1) and correlated well with iron content (R2 = 0.929). Rate constants for Na azide-treated (1 mM) samples estimated autocatalytic oxidation by iron oxide stalks or sheaths, with values ranging from 0.016 +/- 0.008 to 0.062 +/- 0.006 min(-1). Fe2+ oxidation attributable to cellular activities was variable with respect to sampling location and sampling time, with rate constants from 0.013 +/- 0.005 to 0.187 +/- 0.037 min(-1). Rates of oxidation of the same order of magnitude for cellular processes and autocatalysis suggested that bacteria harnessing Fe2+ as an energy source compete with their own byproducts for growth, not chemical oxidation (under conditions where aqueous oxygen concentrations are less than saturating). The use of cyclic voltammetry within this study for the simultaneous measurement of Fe2+ and oxygen allowed the collection of statistically meaningful and reproducible data, two factors that have limited aerobic, circumneutral, Fe2+ -oxidation rate studies.     

白酒中黄色的形成、检测及去除

白酒在长期贮存过程中，金属铁与白酒中有机酸反应，使酒中溶入Fe^2 ，使酒呈黄色；Fe^2 进一步氧化成Fe^3 ，在酒中形成棕色沉淀析出。添加适量植酸处理24h，可除去酒中铁离子，使酒达到无色透明，不会影响白酒中香味物质。（孙悟）     

Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Fe(II) species associated with iron-rich smectites

Reductive transformation reactions involving mineral-bound Fe2+ species are of great relevance for the fate of groundwater contaminants. For clay minerals, which are ubiquitously present in soils and sediments, the factors determining the reactivity of structural Fe2+ and surface-bound Fe2+ are not well understood. We investigated the reactivity and availability of Fe2+ species in suspensions of chemically reduced montmorillonite (SAz-1) as well as in suspensions of oxidized and reduced nontronite (SWa-1, ferruginous smectite) using two acetylnitrobenzene isomers as reactive probe compounds. The analyses of the reduction kinetics of the two nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) suggested that Fe2+ bound in the octahedral layer of reduced smectites is the predominant reductant and that electron transfer presumably occurs via basal siloxane planes. In contrast, reduction of NACs by Fe2+ associated with oxidized nontronite is orders of magnitude slower than reduction by octahedral Fe2+. Reductive transformation and reversible, nonreactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexation of NACs at basal smectite surfaces occur simultaneously at reduced montmorillonite exhibiting low structural iron content. In contrast, EDA complexation was not observed in suspensions of reduced iron-rich nontronite. Due to the similar reduction rate constants measured for the two NACs, we propose that the (re)- generation of octahedral Fe2+ sites, e.g., by electron transfer and/or Fe rearrangement within the octahedral nontronite layers, partly limited the rate of contaminant transformation. Since iron in clay minerals is available for microbial reduction, our study suggests that octahedral Fe2+ can contribute to abiotic contaminant transformation in anoxic environments.     

A polymer membrane containing Fe(0) as a contaminant barrier

A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane containing iron (Fe(0)) particles was developed and tested as a model barrier for contaminant containment. Carbon tetrachloride, copper (Cu2+), nitrobenzene, 4-nitroacetophenone, and chromate (Cr04(2-)) were selected as model contaminants. Compared with a pure PVA membrane, the Fe(0)/PVA membrane can increase the breakthrough lag time for Cu2+ and carbon tetrachloride by more than 100-fold. The increase in the lag time was smaller for nitrobenzene and 4-nitroacetophenone, which stoichiometrically require more iron and for which the PVA membrane has a higher permeability. The effect of Fe(0) was even smaller for CrO4(2-) because of its slow reaction. Forty-five percent of the iron, based on the content in the dry membrane prior to hydration, was consumed by reaction with Cu2+ and 15% by reaction with carbon tetrachloride. Similarly, 25%, 17%, and 6% of the iron was consumed by nitrobenzene, 4-nitroacetophenone, and CrO4(2-), respectively. These percentages approximately double when the loss of iron during membrane hydration is considered. The permeability of the Fe(0)/PVA membrane after breakthrough was within a factor of 3 for that of pure PVA, consistent with theory. These results suggest that polymer membranes with embedded Fe(0) have potential as practical contaminant barriers.     

Effect of pulsed electric field and thermal treatment on the physicochemical properties of lactoferrin with different iron saturation levels

Bovine lactoferrin (LF) with different iron saturation levels (i.e., native (N-) LF, Apo-LF and Holo-LF) dissolved in simulated milk ultrafiltrate was treated by pulsed electric fields. Various heat treatments were conducted as comparisons. The concentration of LF, electrophoretic mobility of the proteins, surface hydrophobicity and the release of LF-bound ferric ions to the aqueous phase of the LF preparations after the PEF or thermal treatments were determined. PEF treatments did not affect the physicochemical properties of Apo-LF, N-LF, or Holo-LF at treatment temperatures ≤50, ≤60, ≤65 °C, respectively. Changes in LF properties at higher temperatures were largely or entirely due to concurrent thermal effects during PEF treatments. The thermal stability of LF correlated with the level of iron saturation. These results will be useful when developing a PEF process for microbial inactivation of LF-containing dairy products with the aim of maximising the retention of this heat-sensitive protein.     

Rate and extent of aqueous perchlorate removal by iron surfaces

The rate and extent of perchlorate reduction on several types of iron metal was studied in batch and column reactors. Mass balances performed on the batch experiments indicate that perchlorate is initially sorbed to the iron surface, followed by a reduction to chloride. Perchlorate removal was proportional to the iron dosage in the batch reactors, with up to 66% removal in 336 h in the highest dosage system (1.25 g mL(-1)). Surface-normalized reaction rates among three commercial sources of iron filings were similar for acid-washed samples. The most significant perchlorate removal occurred in solutions with slightly acidic or near-neutral initial pH values. Surface mediation of the reaction is supported by the absence of reduction in batch experiments with soluble Fe2+ and also by the similarity in specific reaction rate constants (kSA) determined for three different iron types. Elevated soluble chloride concentrations significantly inhibited perchlorate reduction, and lower removal rates were observed for iron samples with higher amounts of background chloride contamination. Perchlorate reduction was not observed on electrolytic sources of iron or on a mixed-phase oxide (Fe3O4), suggesting that the reactive iron phase is neither pure zerovalent iron nor the mixed oxide alone. A mixed valence iron hydr(oxide) coating or a sorbed Fe2+ surface complex represent the most likely sites for the reaction. The observed reaction rates are too slow for immediate use in remediation system design, but the findings may provide a basis for future development of cost-effective abiotic perchlorate removal techniques.