乳铁素B的抗菌活性及其影响因素

乳铁素B是牛乳铁蛋白经胃蛋白酶酶解后得到的最重要的抗菌肽，具有较强抗菌活性．研究表明，乳铁素B对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度为0．5mg／mL，对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为0．4mg／mL；葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、尿素、硫酸铵在0～10mg／mL，乳糖、可溶性淀粉在0～4mg／mL，的质量浓度范围内，对乳铁素B的抗菌活性影响不大；当NaCl或KCl的浓度为25～100mmol／L，MgCl2或CaCl2的浓度为1．0～5．0mmol／L时，乳铁素B的抗菌活性就会大大降低；随着缓冲盐浓度和有机酸浓度(25～100mmol／L)的增大，乳铁素B的抗菌活性呈下降趋势，且在微碱性环境下乳铁素B表现出较强的抗菌活力．     

合成甜味剂对牛乳铁素抗菌活性的影响

乳铁素B是牛乳铁蛋白经胃蛋白酶酶解后得到的最重要的抗菌肽,具有很强的抗菌活性。选取大肠杆菌为实验菌株,进行了合成甜味剂对乳铁素抑菌活性影响的研究。研究表明,在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中,pH7.0,菌浓为107CFU/ml的条件下,纯化乳铁素B对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度为20μg/ml;阿斯巴甜、甜蜜素、糖精钠在0～5mg/ml的质量浓度范围内,对乳铁素B的抗菌活性都有削弱的作用;而安塞蜜在0～5mg/ml的质量浓度范围内,对乳铁素B的抗菌活性没有太大的影响。     

酶解牛乳铁蛋白制备乳铁素 B的酶解条件研究

乳铁素B是牛乳铁蛋白经胃蛋白酶酶解后所得到的最重要的抗菌肽，乳铁蛋白酶解生成乳铁素后抗菌活性大大增强。通过正交试验确立了牛乳铁蛋白酶解制备乳铁素B的最佳条件，指出在底物质量浓度为50g／L，酶与底物质量浓度比为1：30(质量比)，酶解时间为60min时所得的乳铁素质量浓度及活性较好。     

乳铁蛋白及乳铁素对嗜酸乳杆菌生长影响的研究

本实验主要针对乳铁蛋白和乳铁素对嗜酸乳杆菌的生长影响进行研究。结果表明,在37℃恒温培养下,添加一定浓度的乳铁蛋白或乳铁素,可促进嗜酸乳杆菌生长繁殖。乳铁蛋白的最适添加浓度为2.5mg/ml,乳铁素的最适添加浓度为0.15mg/ml,培养26h后活菌数分别达到6.7×108CFU/ml和8.0×108CFU/ml。     

常用防腐剂对牛乳铁蛋白抗菌活性的影响

乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性常受到其他共存成分的影响。本文研究了常用防腐剂对乳铁蛋白抗菌活性的影响。在研究过程中,以大肠杆菌为实验菌株,进行了实验研究。研究表明,在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中,pH6.0,菌浓为106CFU/ml的条件下,乳铁蛋白对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度为3mg/ml;苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾、乳酸链球菌素、对羟基苯甲酸等分别与乳铁蛋白共同作用时,对乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性都有明显的影响。其中,山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠减弱了乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性,乳酸链球菌素和对羟基苯甲酸丁酯加强了乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性。     

乳铁蛋白的补铁作用

实验研究了在磷酸根存在的中性条件下,乳铁蛋白对铁离子溶解作用的影响。随着乳铁蛋白加入量的增加,上清液中二价铁和三价铁的浓度呈线性增加,表明乳铁蛋白对二价铁和三价铁均具有明显的增溶作用。乳铁蛋白可以使铁的溶解度提高60~70倍,远远超过其分子的含铁量,这样,乳铁蛋白必然能够成为一种治疗缺铁性贫血的功能性食品的重要添加成分。     

添加乳铁蛋白对延长巴氏奶贮存时间的影响研究

本文对添加乳铁蛋白延长巴氏奶贮存时间进行了研究。乳铁蛋白是从牛初乳中分离出来的一种功能性成分，具有广谱抗菌、抗病毒感染作用，同时还能促进人体对铁的吸收。因此，将乳铁蛋白添加到巴氏奶中，不仅可以增强其抗菌能力，延长保质期，同时还能够提高产品的营养价值。在不同温度下(恒温37℃、常温23℃、冷藏4℃)，在巴氏奶中添加不同浓度(0．025、0．05、0．1mg／ml)的乳铁蛋白，通过对巴氏奶添加乳铁蛋白和不添加乳铁蛋白在不同温度贮存时微生物的变化的比较，观察其微生物生长变化情况；结果表明，添加乳铁蛋白具有延长巴氏消毒奶保藏期的作用。     

乳铁蛋白体外和体内铁结合能力的研究

采用超滤-离子交换色谱法制备的乳铁蛋白的铁结合能力为87.7%,铁饱和度为15.1%。当pH值为7.5,NaHCO3浓度为100mmol/L时,铁结合能力最强。采用低强度的巴氏杀菌可以保持乳铁蛋白的铁结合性能。SD大鼠的动物试验表明,50μg/g·d和250μg/g·d的乳铁蛋白剂量具有显著的升高血红蛋白浓度的作用。乳铁蛋白改善缺铁性贫血的最小有效作用剂量为50μg/g·d。     

乳铁蛋白免疫调节功能初探

目的：研究乳铁蛋白的免疫调节作用。方法：采用MTT法检测乳铁蛋白对小鼠外周血单个核细胞以及脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响；利用角叉菜胶所致大鼠足趾肿胀模型研究其抗炎症活性。结论：乳铁蛋白对小鼠外周血单个核细胞的增殖具有显著抑制作用，且抑制程度与浓度有关。在浓度达100μg/ml以上时，抑制效果非常显著（p〈0.001），浓度达1000μg/ml时，抑制作用最为明显。此外，乳铁蛋白具有抗炎症作用。     

牛乳铁蛋白抗菌活性及其影响因素的研究

乳铁蛋白具有广谱的抗菌性 ,它通过直接性的“铁剥夺”和间接性的“膜渗透”2种机制发挥抗菌作用。文中开展了牛乳铁蛋白抗菌活性的研究 ,研究表明 ,牛乳铁蛋白对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为 2mg/mL ,对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为 1 6mg/mL。葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)、尿素、硫酸铵在 0～ 1 0mg/mL ,乳糖、可溶性淀粉在 0～ 4mg/mL ,酪蛋白在 0～ 1 2mg/mL的质量浓度范围内 ,对牛乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性影响不大。当NaCl或KCl的浓度为2 5～ 1 0 0mmol/L ,MgCl2 或CaCl2 的浓度为 1 0～ 5 0mmol/L时 ,牛乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性就会大大降低。随着缓冲盐浓度和有机酸浓度 (2 5～ 1 0 0mmol/L)的增大 ,牛乳铁蛋白的抗菌活性呈下降趋势 ,且在微碱性pH环境下牛乳铁蛋白表现出较强的抗菌活力。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the