水解法制取五倍子鞣花酸的研究

以五倍子为原料浸取单宁酸,由单宁酸酸解制备鞣花酸。用高效液相色谱法测定水解后鞣花酸的含量,采用L9(34)正交设计实验,对盐酸浓度、水解温度和水解时间等因素进行了考察。鞣花酸的最佳水解条件为:盐酸浓度2mol·L-1、水解温度120℃、水解时间60min。     

高温高压条件制备石榴皮鞣花酸的试验研究

目的:探索制备石榴皮鞣花酸新方法。方法:以高压蒸汽灭菌器为反应装置,分别研究了水解温度(压强)、水解时间和硫酸浓度(v/v)对鞣花酸得率的影响,并对工艺参数进行优化。结果:在最佳工艺条件:水解温度(压强)115℃(169 k Pa)、水解时间2 h、硫酸浓度6%(v/v)时,鞣花酸得率最高达3.09%,与常压相比得率提高了25.10%。结论:高温高压条件下水解石榴皮单宁制备鞣花酸效率较高,为生产工艺的改进提供了技术依据。     

响应面法优化从石榴皮制备鞣花酸的工艺研究

以石榴皮为原料,采用响应面法研究鞣花酸酸化工艺条件。以多酚提取物转化率为指标,考察硫酸浓度、酸化时间、酸化温度对鞣花酸得率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过Box-Benhnken中心组合设计和响应面分析法,确定石榴皮鞣花酸的酸化工艺条件。结果表明,优化的鞣花酸酸化工艺为:硫酸浓度为0.83mol/L、酸化时间5h、酸化温度105℃,石榴皮多酚提取物转化率为86.38%,用无水甲醇热回流萃取4次,得到鞣花酸样品。建立了石榴皮酸化制备鞣花酸的二次多项数学模型,对石榴皮鞣花酸的制备工艺具有较好的预测作用。     

刺梨中鞣花酸的分离鉴定及提取工艺的优化

目的：本研究旨在建立刺梨中鞣花酸的分离纯化方法,并对提取鞣花酸的酸水解法进行工艺优化。方法：以刺梨干果为原料,通过超声辅助提取法提取单宁酸,加酸进行水解制得粗鞣花酸,并通过甲醇重结晶进行纯化,采用高效液相色谱测定其纯度,及核磁共振波谱法(NMR)、红外光谱法(IR)、质谱法(MS)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、紫外光谱法(UV)对提取得到的鞣花酸进行结构确证,另外,以得率为指标,以酸浓度、提取温度、提取时间、液料比为自变量,在单因素实验的基础上,通过Box-Benhnken中心组合设计和响应面分析法确定刺梨鞣花酸的酸水解工艺条件。结果：从刺梨中提取得到了鞣花酸提取物,通过HPLC分析测定其纯度达到92%,鞣花酸提取物的最大吸收波长254 nm,分子离子峰m/z 301.00,红外吸收各波数与标准品一致,并利用¹H-NMR,¹³C-NMR确定了其结构。通过响应面法得到了酸水解法制取鞣花酸的最优工艺：酸浓度5%,提取温度127℃,液料比为8:1 mL/g,提取时间9.8 h,在此条件下刺梨鞣花酸的得率为30.2%±2.3%(与预测值相比P>...     

响应面法优化石榴皮中鞣花酸的半仿生提取工艺

为了优化石榴皮中鞣花酸的最佳提取工艺,本研究采用响应面设计法,考察第一煎pH、第二煎pH、提取时间、提取温度四个因素对鞣花酸得率的影响,用紫外分光光度法测定鞣花酸含量。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为：第一煎pH为4．6,第二煎pH为10．5,提取时间为3．4h,提取温度63．9℃,此时鞣花酸提取得率为4．124％。由此可知,本研究确定的提取工艺方法简便,合理可行。     

栓皮栎橡子壳多酚的体外抗氧化与抑菌活性研究

为开发橡子壳功能成分,采用溶剂萃取、化学定性、光谱分析及体外清除自由基、抑菌试验探索了秦巴山区栓皮栎橡子壳多酚的功能特性。结果表明:橡子壳可提取4.39%的粗多酚,经乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取分离可得到3类萃取物,经紫外光谱和红外光谱分析表明均含有酚羟基、羰基、芳烃C=C骨架、C-H键和C-O-C键结构,为多酚类物质;HPLC分析表明乙酸乙酯萃取物以鞣花酸为主,含有4种多酚,正丁醇萃取物中含阿魏酸、鞣花酸、没食子酸、表没食子酸儿茶素、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、山奈酚等11种酚类物质,水萃取物以阿魏酸含量最高,含4种多酚;体外清除DPPH·能力为Vc水萃取物正丁醇萃取物粗提物乙酸乙酯萃取物,清除ABTS~+·能力为Vc正丁醇萃取物水萃取物乙酸乙酯萃取物粗提物,清除·OH能力为Vc水萃取物粗提物正丁醇萃取物乙酸乙酯萃取物;粗提物及溶剂萃取物均对金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌具有不同程度抑制活性,抑菌能力为乙酸乙酯萃取物正丁醇萃取物粗提取物水萃取物。证明橡子壳多酚含量高,种类多,具有较强抗氧化和广谱抑菌活性。     

RP-HPLC法测定石榴汁中的4种多酚类成分

目的:建立检测石榴汁中没食子酸、石榴皮鞣素、安石榴苷和鞣花酸的测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,ArcusEP-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-0.1%TFA为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL/min,没食子酸的检测波长254nm,石榴皮鞣素、安石榴苷和鞣花酸的检测波长377nm。结果:没食子酸、石榴皮鞣素、安石榴苷和鞣花酸分别在0.020~0.320μg,0.038~0.608μg,0.074~1.184μg,0.039~0.624μg之间线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为97.05%、96.21%、95.30%、98.14%。结论:本方法精密可靠,可作为石榴汁中没食子酸、石榴皮鞣素、安石榴苷和鞣花酸4种多酚成分的检测方法。     

海带生物质酸水解条件优化及其乙醇发酵研究

采用稀硫酸对海带进行预处理,对酸浓度、水解时间、水解温度、底物浓度4个单因素进行单因素试验分析,再通过4因素3水平正交试验对预处理条件进行优化,最终确定最佳水解条件为:酸浓度2％(v/v)、水解时间60 min、水解温度121℃、底物浓度5％,还原糖得率为22.7％±0.27％.接入毕赤酵母(Pichia angophorae ATCC22304)发酵,乙醇的最大产量为1.58 g/L,乙醇得率为0.415 g乙醇/g还原糖,是理论得率的81.3％.试验结果表明,毕赤酵母可以有效水解海带液中的还原糖以进行细胞生长和乙醇发酵.     

石榴皮多酚的提取、制备及其应用研究进展

石榴皮作为一种可再生资源,其含有丰富的多酚,在食品中具有广阔的应用前景。该文对石榴皮多酚的提取、纯化、检测和应用研究现状进行综述;并介绍石榴皮中最重要的两种多酚——安石榴苷和鞣花酸的研究现状,特别是对安石榴苷的水解、鞣花酸的提取及制备等进行详细阐述;并以大白鼠为模型,阐明安石榴苷体内代谢的一般途径。     

田口法优化石榴皮中3种活性成分的提取工艺

采用田口法优化乙醇回流提取石榴皮中3种酚酸——安石榴林、安石榴苷和鞣花酸,并使3种成分产率达到最大。通过单因素试验和田口法优化显著影响石榴皮提取的因素,包括乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、液料比、粒径和提取次数。结果表明,优化后取得的乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、液料比、粒径和提取次数分别为20%、70℃、2 h、50︰1(mL/g)、0.125 mm和提取2次。在这些最佳条件下,从1 g干燥的石榴皮粉末中可获得17.89±0.27 mg安石榴林、498.66±2.13 mg安石榴苷、7.30±0.05 mg鞣花酸,与预测值17.94 mg安石榴林、497.44 mg安石榴苷、7.26 mg鞣花酸符合。因此,达到利用田口法使安石榴林、安石榴苷和鞣花酸3种成分产率最大的目标。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。