添加油脂对重组肉干硬度和持水性的影响

采用重组成型的方法制作中式肉干产品,研究不同油脂添加量(0%、3%、6%、9%和12%)对重组肉干产品硬度的影响,并拟合不同样品的解析等温线,分析添加油脂对产品持水性的影响。结果表明,样品在55℃干燥24 h时,添加的油脂能够阻碍水分的扩散,从而提高产品的含水量,降低产品的硬度值;同时通过对六种常用模型的非线性拟合,得出GAB模型获得了重组肉干产品的解析等温线;该等温线表明,恒定某一aW,随着油脂添加量的增加,产品的干基含水量先降低后增加,说明油脂的增加有促进水分游离的作用,而高油脂的添加可能会通过油膜层的形成来减少水分的挥发。     

CaCl_2、复合磷酸盐及木瓜蛋白酶对河鲈鱼肉的嫩化作用

以河鲈鱼为研究对象,以剪切力为考察指标,研究CaCl2、复合磷酸盐、木瓜蛋白酶对鲈鱼半成品的嫩化效果。在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验设计,对影响鱼肉剪切力的嫩化剂及其添加量进行三因素三水平的优化试验,最后利用扫描电镜,对未嫩化和复合嫩化剂嫩化后的鱼肉微观结构进行观察。结果表明:CaCl21.2 g/kg、复合磷酸盐1.2 g/kg、木瓜蛋白酶1.8 g/kg为最优嫩化剂组合,经该组合嫩化后,鱼肉剪切力最低可降至(8.40±0.13)N(注射方式)和(7.28±0.52)N(涂抹方式);用扫描电镜观察,鱼肉嫩化后肌纤维变宽、纤维密度降低、纤维间连接组织较少,致密结构变得蓬松。该嫩化剂组合对河鲈鱼肉嫩化效果良好。     

维生素C复合木聚糖酶对馒头形态影响

该实验通过单因素及正交试验探讨了维生素C复合木聚糖酶对馒头形态影响,并采用粉质仪、拉伸仪对单独添加木聚糖酶、Vc及二者复合最优添加量下面团的流变性质进行测定。结果表明:木聚糖酶、Vc单独添加时,最适添加量分别为10²0 mg/kg、8 mg/kg。二者复合添加时最优组合为,木聚糖酶添加量10 mg/kg、Vc添加量8 mg/kg;在此条件下制得馒头比容为2.434,高径比为0.648。与空白对照及单独添加木聚糖酶或Vc的面团相比,木聚糖酶与Vc复合添加时面团加工品质较好,流动性与硬度之间达到平衡,这与馒头形态测定结果一致。     

肉制品中亚硝酸钠残留量预测模型的建立

通过对试验数据的统计分析,得到肉糜制品在不添加和添加异抗坏血酸钠500mg/kg情况下亚硝酸钠残留量的预测模型:Y=12.588+0.598X1-0.626X2和Y=13.096+0.381X1-0.363X2,其中Y,X1,X2分别为亚硝酸钠残留量(mg/kg),亚硝酸钠添加量(mg/kg),肉中总色素含量(mg/kg)。试验还得到干腌肉块亚硝酸钠残留量的预测模型,y=45.136+0.181x1-1.306x2-0.342x3,其中y为亚硝酸钠残留量(mg/kg),x1、x2、x3分别为亚硝酸钠添加量(mg/kg),腌制时间(d)和总色素含量(mg/kg)。     

灌肠制品中亚硝酸钠残留量及肉品发色率预测模型的建立

通过对亚硝酸钠添加量、异抗坏血酸钠添加量及原料肉中总色素含量与亚硝酸钠残留量及肉品发色率之间的关系的研究,对实验数据进行了统计分析,建立了本研究范围内的亚硝酸钠残留量及肉品发色率的预测模型:Y1=17.082+0.181X1-0.017X2-0.026X3和Y2=58.466+0.007X1+0.033X2+0.022X3,其中Y1、Y2、X1、X2、X3分别代表亚硝酸钠残留量(mg/kg)、肉品发色率(%)、亚硝酸钠添加量(mg/kg)、异抗坏血酸钠添加量(mg/kg)、原料肉中的总色素含量(mg/kg)。     

五香驼肉干加工工艺及产品特性研究

以新疆双峰驼肉为试验原料,采用响应面法优化五香驼肉干的加工工艺条件。以感官评分和质构指标(硬度)作为响应值,通过单因素和响应面试验,考察糖的添加量、食盐的添加量及烘烤时间对五香驼肉干的感官评分和硬度的影响。结果表明,五香驼肉干最优工艺为:以骆驼肉为原料,食盐1.5%,白砂糖8%,五香粉0.25%,姜粉0.25%,黄酒1%,味精0.2%,葱0.25%,烘烤温度55℃,烘烤时间为315 min。此条件下感官评分和硬度值与模型预测值偏差较小,所以该模型有良好的预测性。     

吸附法脱除花生油中苯并（a）芘的效果研究

为了降低花生油中的苯并（a）芘含量,同时兼顾花生油色泽,采用活性炭和活性白土复合吸附剂对花生油中苯并（a）芘进行吸附脱除,通过单因素实验研究了活性炭种类、复合吸附剂添加量、复合吸附剂配比、吸附温度和吸附时间对花生油中苯并（a）芘脱除效果的影响,并采用正交实验对吸附工艺条件进行优化。结果表明：活性白土和FC1X活性炭复合对花生油中的苯并（a）芘具有最好的脱除效果,最优工艺条件为复合吸附剂添加量2%、活性白土与FC1X活性炭质量比20∶1、吸附时间20 min、吸附温度130℃,在最优条件下花生油中的苯并（a）芘含量降至0.12 μg/kg,远小于欧盟限量2 μg/kg,色泽为Y10、R0.7。复合吸附剂能有效吸附脱除花生油中99%以上的苯并（a）芘,且花生油呈淡黄色、澄清透明,满足企业生产要求。     

淀粉结构与比例对营养复合米质构的调控效应研究

研究了不同淀粉种类、比例及添加量对以高温、高压和挤压熟化工艺生产的营养复合米质构的影响。结果表明,稻米淀粉的添加对营养复合米的硬度影响最明显,随稻米淀粉量先降低后升高,胶着度先升高后降低,咀嚼度逐渐降低,稻米淀粉添加量在50%~55%时,弹性、黏聚性和回复性达到最大,营养复合米综合指标最佳,质构特性最好;小麦粉添加量为6%~10%时,营养复合米的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度、黏聚性及胶着度增加;添加15%马铃薯淀粉时,复合米内部结构紧密;麦芽糊精和醋酸酯淀粉添加量分别为5%~10%时,营养复合米有较好的质构特性及食味品质。     

冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮增脆工艺研究

本文以鲨鱼皮为原料,研究冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮的增脆工艺技术。在单因素基础上采用三因素二次通用旋转回归试验设计方案,以产品的剪切力为衡量指标,建立了冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮剪切力Y与六偏磷酸钠溶液的浓度X1、漂烫时间X2与冰水急冷时间X3的数学回归模型,并对三因子的最优组合进行了定量探讨。结果表明,冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮增脆的最佳工艺参数组合为:六偏磷酸钠溶液浓度4.0g·L-1,漂烫时间2.0min,冰水急冷时间13min,在此条件下制备的冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮产品剪切力为26.52N,口感良好。     

模拟腌肉制品体系中亚硝酸钠残留量预测模型的建立

主要研究了用猪肉和鸡肉模拟腌肉制品在出品率150%情况下,通过对实验数据进行统计分析,可以得到的亚硝酸钠残留量的预测模型,分别为:Y=5.972+0.375X1-0.028X2,Y=25.678+0.287X1-0.026X2,其中Y,X1,X2分别为测定亚硝酸钠残留量,亚硝酸钠添加量(mg/kg),肉样处理时间(h),方程在0.0001水平下显著,预测模型的常量和自变量的回归系数显著P≤0.05。同时得出无论原料肉是猪肉或鸡肉,亚硝酸钠的添加量不高于150 mg/kg情况下,模拟腌肉制品的亚硝酸钠残留量均不会超过西式火腿类≤70mg/kg的标准;,以猪肉为原料制成的模拟腌肉制品在亚硝酸钠添加量为80mg/kg时,亚硝酸钠残留量符合标准肉灌肠类≤30mg/kg不会超标,而以鸡肉为原料必须将亚硝酸钠添加量限制为到50mg/kg以下。     

The effect of use of freeze-thawed pork on the properties of Bologna sausages with two fat levels

The rheological characteristics, microstructure and thermal stability of meat emulsions, made with two levels of fat (7.6% and 20.3%) and prepared from either fresh meat or meat subjected to one or three freeze-thaw cycles, were measured. Lower fat contents were accompanied by a significant reduction in the binding property, shear force and hardness of the products. Both low fat and use of freeze-thawed meat produced structures with a less dense matrix, freeze-thawing altered the microstructure of the meat sausages and reduced shear force, hardness, chewiness and thermal stability. These effects were particularly apparent in the higher-fat product.     

PROCESSING PARAMETER EFFECTS ON SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF REDUCED-FAT GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Effects of fat content (8 or 24%), processing temperature (–2, 1, 4C), plate size (2, 5, 5 mm), mixing time (3, 5, 8 min), and patty formation pressure (50, 100, or 150 kg) on characteristics of low-fat ground beef patties were evaluated. Reduced fat patties required less force to break when ground at –2C (2 mm plate) than when ground at 4C. Rubberiness increased as plate size increased. Rubbery scores were lowest at 4C/2 mm plate. Reduced-fat patties had lower cook losses. Increasing grinding temperature from –2 to 4C decreased break force, Kramer shear and cohesive texture. Break force was highest for patties mixed 8 min at –2C. Patty forming pressure affected breaking strength, cohesiveness, and cook loss. Production of reduced-fat ground beef patties by grinding through a 2mm plate at 4C, mixing for 2 min and forming patties at 150 kg pressure minimized rubbery texture and instrumental measures of patty hardness.     

不同母本西门塔尔杂交牛各部位肉品质与蛋白质功能特性的差异

为了研究西秦牛(西门塔尔牛×宁夏秦川牛)和西褐牛(西门塔尔牛×新疆褐牛)不同部位肉的差异性,对选取的牛腩、霖肉、牛腱子、黄瓜条、肩肉和臀肉6个部位肉样从营养品质、食用品质和蛋白质功能特性等多项指标进行探究。结果表明:西褐牛的牛腩保水性较好,肩肉的水分含量较高(78.75%)且脂肪含量较低(0.4%),霖肉的蛋白质含量较高(21.74%)且剪切力值较高(6.91 kg),牛腱子的胶原蛋白含量较高(22.24%);西秦牛的牛腩脂肪含量较高(5.19%),黄瓜条剪切力值较低(3.76 kg)。对肉中蛋白质功能特性进行研究,西褐牛的牛腩蛋白质乳化能力较强(15.67 mL/g),牛腱子蛋白质凝胶保水性较好(81.71%),臀肉蛋白质凝胶硬度较高(226 g);西秦牛的肩肉蛋白质乳化稳定性较好(76.34%),霖肉蛋白质凝胶弹性较高(0.61)。     

腌制预处理对红烧肉品质的影响

为探明原料肉腌制处理对红烧肉品质的影响,采用注射腌制（injection marination,IM）和静态变压腌制 （variable pressure static marination,VPSM）处理原料肉,以非腌制组作为对照,分析不同腌制处理的中间品和 成品的腌制吸收率、出品率、pH值、食盐含量、水分含量、蛋白质与脂肪含量、色泽、剪切力与质构、滴水损失 率、离心损失率、水分存在状态和微观结构,探讨原料肉经腌制、红烧后产品品质的形成规律。结果表明：VPSM 组腌制吸收率为2.46%,显著高于IM组（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,原料肉经腌制后,中间品与红烧成品的水分含 量、出品率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;从原料肉到腌制后中间品直到红烧后成品,滴水损失率和离心损失率均显著降 低（P＜0.05）,且VPSM组最低。与IM组相比,VPSM组保水性更优,红烧肉出品率显著提高（P＜0.05）。经腌制 红烧后,与对照组相比,实验组脂肪含量显著下降,蛋白质含量呈先显著升高后显著下降的趋势（P＜0.05）。就 亮度值（L*）而言,与原料肉相比,IM组与VPSM组中间品L*值均显著上升,IM组成品L*值显著升高,而VPSM组 则显著下降（P＜0.05）。而与原料肉和对照组相比,VPSM成品的红度值（a*）、黄度值（b*）均最高,且差异显 著（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,腌制预处理会显著降低成品红烧肉的剪切力与硬度（P＜0.05）。在预处理组中, VPSM效果最优。低场核磁共振T2弛豫时间检测结果显示原料肉经腌制后,不易流动水含量上升,且VPSM组高于IM 组。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,经腌制红烧后的成品纤维结构受到破坏,且VPSM组结构更为松散,纤维间隙最 大,有利于提高其保水性。VPSM可有效改善红烧肉加工品质,为改善红烧肉加工工艺提供了理论支持。     

福瑞鲤与黄河鲤、建鲤鱼肉品质的比较及影响肉质的主成分分析

为研究福瑞鲤和黄河鲤、建鲤的肉质差异,选取了体质量相近、相同养殖条件下的3 种鲤鱼,分析其质构特性、肉色、pH值变化及营养成分。结果表明：福瑞鲤剪切力、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性指标低于黄河鲤和建鲤,而黏附性高于黄河鲤;水分含量、脂肪含量极显著低于黄河鲤及建鲤（P＜0.01）,灰分含量、蛋白质含量没有显著差异（P＞0.05）,Ser、Cys含量以及必需氨基酸（essential amino acids,EAA）含量较高,Thr含量较黄河鲤、建鲤有很大提升。整体上来说,福瑞鲤鱼肉品质在质构性能和营养价值上要优于黄河鲤和建鲤。而相关性分析表明剪切力、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性4 项指标均与粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量两项指标成显著正相关（P＜0.05）;黏附性与粗脂肪含量成负相关（P＜0.05）;从12 项指标中提取出3 个主成分,硬度、剪切力、粗脂肪、粗蛋白为影响肉质性能的最主要因素。     

Influence of Corn Germ Protein on Yield and Quality Characteristics of Comminuted Meat Products in a Model System

Incorporation of corn germ protein in the production of comminuted meat products was tested. Corn germ protein (2%) as stabilizer in pre-emulsified fat (PEF) preparation stabilized sausage emulsions, which were added to the batter during comminution. Corn protein as an ingredient (4%) also increased both the stability of sausage batter (by binding of fat and water) and the yield of the finished product. There were no significant effects of the corn germ protein on hardness and color of finished product. Corn germ protein as a stabilizer in PEF and ingredient resulted in increased water holding capacity and adhesiveness of batter and lower shear force of the finished products. Corn germ protein can potentially be used as an ingredient for comminuted meat production.     

Frying — Effect of coating on crust microstructure,color, and texture of lean meat portions

Skinless, deboned chicken breast fillets were deep fat fried (190 °C) with and without a batter and breading coating system for up to 6 min (internal temp 70 °C). Non-coated samples show surface muscle fiber splitting as soon as placed in oil. As time progressed, the depth of damage increased. Shear force and work to shear increased significantly as a dense hard crust layer was forming. By the end, fillets lost about 1/3 of their weight and had a dark, dry, brittle crust. Frying with coating protected the meat inside and no major damages to muscle fibers were observed. Shear force also increased but the values were about half of what was observed in non-coated products, meaning that the meat inside was protected. Coated products became progressively golden brown (increased a* and b*, decreased L*) while the crust adhered well to the product. After frying, the products showed a small gain in weight which was the result of no structural shrinkage and absorption of a small amount of oil.     

Structural and Water Binding Properties of Meat Emulsions Prepared with Emulsified and Unemulsified Fat

The structural and water binding properties of sausage emulsions containing the fat component as a pre-emulsified fat or as water and fat separately are presented. Optimal parameters of sonic emulsification were established: frequency of ultrasound, time of emulsification, and concentration of stabilizers, sodium orthophosphate, gelatin, sodium caseinate, nonfat dry milk. Comminuted meat products with pre-emulsified fat rather than unemulsified fat had higher water-binding capacity, and viscosity, which increased with time of holding. Utilization of a pre-emulsified fat in comminuted meat products resulted in an increase in the amount of emulsified fat in the finished product, a more uniform distribution of the fat component in the structure of products and a 6 - 7% increase in the yield of finished product.     

夏南牛不同部位加工特性及牛肉干加工适宜性评价

夏南牛是我国自主培育的第一个专用肉牛新品种，为促进夏南牛肉及其深加工产品的工业化和科学化发展，本实验研究不同部位牛肉的理化指标和加工品质指标的差异，并评价其牛肉干加工适宜性。选取并测定20 个原料肉理化指标和9 个牛肉干产品加工品质指标，利用相关性分析和主成分分析筛选关键指标，并建立评估方程。结果表明：不同部位牛肉理化特性存在明显差异。臀肉的水分质量分数（75.47%）和蛋白质量分数（21.51%）最高，脂肪质量分数（2.39%）最低（P＜0.05），凝胶和乳化性能较好。肩肉的脂肪质量分数最高（8.69%），质构特性较好，剪切力较小。牛腱的解冻损失率（1.81%）和蒸煮损失率（24.08%）最低，剪切力最小（4.99 kg）。霖肉的解冻损失率（6.36%）和蒸煮损失率（34.22%）最大。2）牛肉干加工适宜性综合评价模型为Y＝0.197 9A＋0.026 0B＋0.312 8C＋0.218 8D＋0.245 5E（A、B、C、D和E分别代表a*、硬度、羟脯氨酸含量、蒸煮损失率和乳化稳定性）。3）肩肉和黄瓜条适合加工牛肉干，而霖肉和牛腱不适合；4）以感官评价结果为因变量，以综合品质评价结果为自变量，建立回归方程为y＝3.646 5x＋4.556 2（R2＝0.824 2）。综合评价模型可以较好地预测肉干加工适宜性。本研究为夏南牛加工特性补充和更新了必要的参数，此外，还找到了更适合牛肉干加工的部位。     

不同品种羊肉熏制加工适宜性评价模型研究

中国肉羊品种资源丰富,不同品种羊肉营养理化品质特性存在差异,原料肉基本品质决定了熏制羊肉的品质。为研究不同品种羊肉营养理化品质特性的差异及其熏制加工适宜性,本实验以10?个品种肉羊的通脊为原料,分别测定了原料肉的7个指标(水分含量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、pH24 h值、L~*值、a~*值、b~*值)、熏制羊肉的9个品质指标(熏制损失率、剪切力、硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性、表皮L~*、表皮a~*、表皮b~*)。通过多元统计分析研究了熏制前原料肉品质与熏制后羊肉品质之间的关系,结果发现水分含量与熏制损失率呈极显著正相关,蛋白质含量与黏聚性呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),脂肪含量与弹性呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01)。筛选出关键理化指标分别为蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、pH24 h值、b~*值,建立了熏制羊肉品质的综合评价模型Y=0.190 9A+0.355 5B+0.234 3C+0.219 3D,其中,A为蛋白质含量、B为脂肪含量、C为pH24 h值、D为b~*值。