冷藏调理即食鱿鱼关键工艺研究

研究了冷藏调理即食鱿鱼制作的关键技术。在单因素的基础上,确定三聚磷酸钠、漂烫温度、漂烫时间及冰水急冷时间为关键因素,以产品的剪切力为评判指标,采用L9(34)正交试验优化冷藏调理即食鱿鱼的生产工艺。     

微波膨化即食金枪鱼皮工艺条件的优化

为研究微波膨化即食金枪鱼皮的最佳工艺,本文通过初始水分含量、水分均衡时间、微波膨化时间测定了金枪鱼皮的膨化度,并采用响应面法(response surface method)确定鱼皮微波膨化工艺最优条件。在此基础上,利用正交实验对金枪鱼皮的增脆工艺参数(热水烫漂时间、冰水急冷时间和氯化钾溶液质量浓度)进行优化,同时采用扫描电镜观察金枪鱼皮产品的组织结构,确定即食金枪鱼皮的最佳增脆工艺。结果表明,即食金枪鱼皮的膨化工艺最优条件为初始水分含量21.8%、水分均衡时间9.1 h、微波功率700 W、微波时间4 min,在此条件下,膨化度为(1.24±0.03);增脆最佳工艺为热水烫漂时间为2 min、冰水急冷时间2 min、氯化钾溶液质量浓度5.0 g/L,在该条件下制备微波膨化金枪鱼皮的破裂力为(41.17±0.28) N,膨化度为(1.25±0.02),产品质地疏松,口感酥脆;通过理化分析和扫面电镜观察发现,增脆后产品鱼皮的膨化度和酥脆度显著提高,并呈现纤维组织明显膨大与细微破断处增多。由此可知,采用适宜的微波膨化和增脆工艺加工金枪鱼皮,可制得一款质地和口感俱佳的即食金枪鱼皮产品。     

冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮保鲜技术研究

本文以鲨鱼皮为原料,将栅栏防腐技术应用于冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮的保鲜.单因素试验选择并确定冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮的适宜前期减菌技术与抑菌保鲜剂及其浓度范围;采用L9(34)正交试验设计,以菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)为衡量指标,优化抑菌保鲜液的配比.研究结果表明:臭氧杀菌技术能有效实现冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮的前期减菌作用,在臭氧浓度固定为500 mg/kg的条件下,作用25 min时,前期减菌效果明显.优化后的冷藏调理即食鲨鱼皮抑菌保鲜液的配比为,山梨酸钾0.060 g·kg-1,乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)0.4 g·kg-1,保鲜液pH≤4.5;在此条件下,产品的保鲜效果最好,在0℃～4℃条件下,可防腐保鲜60 d.     

速冻油豆角质构稳定性的研究

以CaCl2溶液为保脆剂、ZnAc2溶液为护色剂,研究了漂烫温度、漂烫时间、CaCl2溶液浓度和ZnAc2溶液浓度等因素对速冻油豆角质构的影响。实验结果表明,漂烫温度95℃、漂烫时间2min、CaCl2溶液浓度1%～2%、ZnAc2溶液浓度0.6‰最佳。     

风味罗非鱼皮加工工艺的研究

探讨含丰富胶原蛋白的带鳞罗非鱼皮通过特殊的加工工艺,加工成即食的风味鱼皮。结果表明,采用1.6g/L碱溶液浸泡45min,用流动自来水清洗至鱼皮成中性,再烫漂8~14s后,放冰水中快速冷却,通过挑选、去鳞、切段、杀菌、调味,称重、冷冻冷藏等工序制作的风味鱼皮,口感爽脆、香辣适中。     

盐生野菜蒙古鸦葱速冻加工工艺研究

研究了蒙古鸦葱的采收时机,护绿、烫漂和保脆技术,实验表明:选择叶龄在18~20d采收,在浓度为0.2%的稀碱溶液中浸泡30min保绿,烫漂温度98℃、时间叶柄1.5min、叶片0.5min,在烫漂液中加入0.15%的氯化钙保脆等措施,解决了产品速冻时的褪色、质地变软等问题。     

即食罗非鱼皮加工工艺

以罗非鱼皮为原料,采用去腥、冷杀菌、水发、漂烫、冰水冷却、调味等工艺开发即食罗非鱼皮产品。结果表明:鱼皮在0.18%NaoH中浸泡1 h,水发率最高,为26.60%;在温度90℃、漂烫18 s、冰水冷却25 min的条件下,鱼皮爽脆度及弹性最好。最佳泡椒风味即食罗非鱼皮工艺配方(按每百克计)为:15 g泡椒、2.5 g料酒、2.5 g白醋、2.0 g食盐、2.3 g白糖、1.5 g味精;最佳香辣风味罗非鱼皮工艺配方(按每百克计)为:6 g辣椒油、5 g花椒油、2.5g料酒、2.3 g白醋、2.6 g食盐、2.5 g白砂糖、1.7 g味精。微生物检测结果表明菌落总数分别为1 800 CFU/g和2 000CFU/g,大肠菌群数均小于30 MPN/100 g,均低于国家规定的微生物标准;沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌未检出。在此条件下制得的即食罗非鱼皮食品香味和风味俱佳。     

工业化宫保鸡丁产品中莴笋前处理加工品质关键技术研究

以莴笋茎干为原料,色泽和脆度为感官考核指标,通过对比漂烫温度、漂烫时间、漂烫液浓度和保护液的浓度对宫保鸡丁中配菜莴笋颜色及脆度的影响,确定工业化宫保鸡丁中莴笋最优护绿保脆参数。结果表明:漂烫温度85℃,漂烫时间1.5min,漂烫液的浓度为0.03%碳酸钠,保护液浓度为0.3%氯化钙,该参数条件处理后的莴笋能够在工业化宫保鸡丁中保持良好的颜色及脆度,使得其口感、风味、脆度和色泽几种品质最佳。     

浸泡工艺对即食型(鱼回)鱼皮质构的影响

研究了浸泡工艺对即食型斑点叉尾鲴鱼皮质构的影响.采用脆度来反映其质构变化,并用破碎力来表征其脆度.在单因素实验的基础上,采用二次回归正交设计方案和响应面分析法,确定最佳浸泡条件:NaOH溶液浓度0.106%、NaOH溶液浸泡时间15.4min、NaHCO3溶液浓度3.1%、NaHCO3溶液浸泡时间63.2min时,破碎力有最小值,为887g.     

即食栗蘑加工工艺研究

以新鲜栗蘑为原料,利用单因素和正交试验设计方法,研究硬化、漂烫的最佳工艺及拌料的最佳配方。结果表明:最适的硬化条件是在浓度为0.5%氯化钙和0.5%氯化钠的混合溶液中浸泡40 min。最佳漂烫条件是在浓度为0.3%的柠檬酸和0.06%的抗坏血酸混合溶液中漂烫4 min。最佳拌料配方为每100克栗蘑中加入3 g盐,0.7 g糖,3 g辣椒粉。可制得具有栗蘑特有风味,口感脆嫩,营养丰富,方便安全的新型即食栗蘑食品。     

Effects of Blanching on Some Physical Properties and Processing Recovery of Sweet Corn Cobs

The effects of the blanching process of sweet corn on shearing stress, shearing energy, and processing recovery of kernels as well as weight and dry substance of kernels and cobs were studied. Sweet corn cobs were blanched in water, where blanching time ranged from 2 to 8 min and temperature ranged from 75 to 100 °C. Nonblanched cobs (fresh cobs) were used as control samples. It was found that all analyzed variables were significantly affected by blanching time and temperature. The average values of all analyzed variables, except moisture which decreased, increased with increasing of the blanching time and temperature. Changing the blanching time and temperature affected the dry substance of kernels and cobs, kernel and cob mass, recovery processing by increasing it, as well as the average values of shearing stress and shearing energy by decreasing them.     

低糖杏脯制作工艺研究

以鲜杏为原料,研究低糖杏脯的制作工艺。以制品的色泽、饱满度、含糖量、剪切力为评价指标,研究漂烫时间、真空渗糖工艺参数、填充浓度、护色剂种类、糖液浓度等因素对制品品质的影响。结果表明,杏坯用0.4%CaCl2溶液硬化4h、漂烫3min;采用真空二次渗糖工艺,添加填充剂3%、VC0.2%,一次糖液浓度为30%,二次糖液浓度为45%,糖液温度60℃,真空度0.07MPa,真空保持时间20min;浸糖24h,60℃恒温干燥10h,所得杏脯湿基含糖量为41%—43%,水分含量18%—20%,制品品质优良。     

MICROWAVE BLANCHING OF SLICED POTATOES DIPPED IN SALINE SOLUTIONS TO PREVENT ENZYMATIC BROWNING

Response surface methodology was applied to investigate the way in which variables such as time of treatment, sodium or calcium chloride concentrations and lactic acid concentration affect the microwave blanching of potato slices dipped in these solutions. Two three factor-five-level, second order central composite designs were developed to analyze the considered variables. Results showed that, with reference to polyphenoloxidase inactivation, the blanching in calcium chloride-lactic acid solution was more effective than the blanching in sodium chloride-lactic acid solution. Color measurements showed that, in the applied operative conditions, the best results were obtained by short blanching in sodium chloride-lactic acid solution at high lactic acid concentration and low NaCl concentration and by short blanching in calcium chloride-lactic acid at low lactic acid concentration or low calcium chloride concentration.     

烫漂温度及空气炸时间对鲶鱼鱼皮品质的影响

为了解烫漂温度及空气炸时间对鲶鱼鱼皮品质的影响,本文研究了50、70、90 ℃烫漂后鲶鱼鱼皮的蒸煮损失率和热稳定性,在烫漂的基础上分别炸制2、4、6、8、10、12 min后对其水分、脂肪、脆度、横向弛豫时间（T₂）进行了测定,并对不同烫漂温度及其空气炸12 min的鱼皮微观结构进行了分析。结果表明:70 ℃烫漂的鱼皮蒸煮损失率为2.15%,热稳定性温度分别为121.97、146.88 ℃,在空气炸12 min时水分含量为2.89%,脂肪含量为10.85%,形变距离为0.13 mm;相比较50 ℃和90 ℃,70 ℃烫漂的鱼皮,蒸煮损失率适中,热稳定性较好,在空气炸12 min时,水分含量最低,形变距离最小,脂肪含量较低,结构均匀平整。由此可见,70 ℃烫漂下的空气炸鱼皮整体更利于后期产品的开发。     

Tenderness and Sodium Content of Pectoralis superficialis from Broilers Chilled in Potassium or Sodium Chloride Ice Slush

Cooked light meat (Pectoralis superficialis) from broiler carcasses chilled (4 hr, with agitation) in 5% (w/w) sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% (w/w) potassium chloride (KCl), or ice slush was evaluated for moisture content, tenderness (shear force), chloride ion (Cl) concentration, and sodium ion (Na) concentration. Water uptake of the carcasses during chilling was determined. Chilling in either salt solution increased cooked meat moisture, increased chloride ion concentration, and decreased shear force values. Sodium level and water uptake were increased by NaCl brine ice-slush chilling. Samples chilled in NaCl had higher chloride concentrations and lower shear force than samples chilled in KCl.     

基于均匀设计和主成分分析的甘薯薯片油炸工艺优化

为优化甘薯薯片油炸工艺,采用单因素和均匀设计相结合进行试验,对均匀设计试验数据进行多元回归分析。单因素试验表明:切片厚度、预干燥阶段和油炸阶段对含油量、L*值和b*值有较大影响;均匀设计逐步回归分析表明:油炸时间对含油量影响显著(P=0.011),食盐水质量分数对含水量影响显著(P=0.022),油炸温度和油炸时间对L*值影响极显著(P=0.001),预干燥时间和油炸时间对b*值影响显著,食盐水浸泡时间、食盐水质量分数、预干燥温度、预干燥时间和切片厚度对脆度的影响符合二次多项式回归模型(P=0.001);指标主成分分析表明:提取2个主成分能解释87.4%的指标信息,达到指标降维目的;岭回归分析建立了综合得分回归模型,相关系数R为0.997,能很好地拟合产品的综合得分;偏最小二乘法回归分析预测最佳综合评分工艺参数为切片厚度2 mm、热烫时间1 min、质量分数1%食盐水浸泡20 min、预干燥温度60℃、预干燥时间70 min、油炸温度150℃、油炸时间1 min,验证综合评分为0.89,综合评分高于均匀设计试验组最高值0.86。优化工艺所得产品具有含油量低、颜色和脆度俱佳等特点,相关模型具有良好的预测能力。     

真空油炸苹果脆片预处理工艺优化

为优化苹果脆片预处理工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,采用均匀设计法,以破碎力、含油量、L*值、感官评分、综合评分和电子鼻检测挥发性成分为指标,对数据进行多元回归分析。结果表明:破碎力经二次逐步回归分析,达到极显著(P<0.01),相关系数到达0.960,模型拟合度好;经一次逐步回归分析,感官评分、L*值和综合评分达到显著水平(P<0.05),含油量达到极显著水平(P<0.01);浸渍液配比和漂烫温度影响产品感官评分和L*值;浸渍液配比、漂烫温度、漂烫时间和冷冻时间4个因素影响产品含油量和综合评分;经偏最小二乘法回归分析,得到模型预测最佳工艺为:麦芽糖添加量14%、蔗糖添加量5%、麦芽糊精添加量15.7%,漂烫温度98℃,漂烫时间2 min,冷冻时间3 h。在此工艺条件下,样品的破碎力为53.1 N、感观评分为83.0、含油量为17.2%、L*为89.9、综合评分为89.6,且样品风味品质最佳。     

琼脂凝胶质构特性的研究

研究了琼脂溶液浓度、pH、离子强度、Na~+、K~+、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)、焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)对琼脂凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:影响琼脂凝胶硬度的主次因素依次为琼脂浓度、Na~+与K~+的摩尔比、离子强度、pH;影响琼脂凝胶弹性的主因素依次为琼脂浓度、离子强度、pH、Na~+与K~+摩尔比。影响粘聚性的主次因素依次为离子强度、琼脂浓度、Na~+与K~+摩尔比、pH。磷酸盐对琼脂凝胶硬度、弹性和粘聚性的影响主次顺序均为:焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠。     

Optimization of Blanching Conditions Prior to Deep Fat Frying of Yam Slices

The effect of low-temperature blanching and frying time at a frying temperature of 170°C on moisture and oil contents, breaking force and colour of yam chips was investigated using response surface methodology to establish the optimum blanching conditions and frying time. A central composite rotatable design was used to study the effects of variation in levels of blanching temperature (60–80°C), blanching time (1–5 min) and frying time (2–6 min) on quality attributes of yam chips. The effect of blanching temperature and frying time was more significant than the time of blanching on the quality attributes. The response variables were fitted to predictive models applying multiple linear regressions. Statistical analysis with response surface regression showed that moisture content, oil content, breaking force and L? (lightness) parameter were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with blanching temperature and time and frying time. However, the regression equation showed a poor fit for a? and b? respectively. The optimum conditions were a blanching temperature of 70–75°C, blanching time of 4–5 min while frying for about 5 min.