干燥方式对新疆方便汤饭面片干燥特性、品质及微观结构的影响

通过对面片进行蒸汽微波熟化，探究微波干燥（MD）、热风干燥（HD）、微波-热风联合干燥（MD-HAD）、微波-真空联合干燥（MVD）、真空-冷冻联合干燥（VD-FD）五种干燥方式对面片的干燥特性、剪切力、蒸煮特性、微观结构及感官评价的影响。结果表明:面片失水速率为:MVD>MD>MD-HAD>HD，MVD面片在最小功率、火力及最大载物量、真空度下完成干燥仅需30 min。从面片的剪切力和蒸煮特性可知MD为较好的干燥方式，复水时间仅需359.667 s；从微观结构得出面片品质为:VD-FD>MD>MVD>HD>MD-HAD，MD面片的横截面空隙较多且大，有利于缩短复水时间，VD-FD面片横截面空隙较少，大小一致，分布较均匀，MD-HAD面片横截面结构紧密，不易于复水，其表面淀粉溢出。对其进行综合感官评价，MD面片的适口性、韧性、粘性及综合感官评分相对较高，表明其品质较好。     

不同干燥方式对杏鲍菇滋味成分的影响研究

比较冷冻干燥(freeze drying,FD)、热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)、中短波红外干燥(short-and medium-wave infrared drying,ID)和微波真空干燥(microwave vacuum drying,MVD)4种干燥方式对杏鲍菇滋味成分的影响。结果表明,与新鲜杏鲍菇相比,干燥对杏鲍菇滋味成分的影响较大。ID处理的杏鲍菇中可溶性糖总含量最高,MVD处理的杏鲍菇中海藻糖含量最高(328.10 mg/g dw);除FD外,HAD、ID及MVD处理的杏鲍菇中5′-腺苷酸(5′-adenosine monophosphate,5′-AMP)、5′-鸟苷酸(5′-guanosine monophosphate,5′-GMP)、5′-肌苷酸(5′-inosine monophosphate,5′-IMP),谷氨酸含量都有所升高,说明温度地升高有助于鲜味物质地生成;此外,4种干燥方式处理的杏鲍菇中有机酸总含量、柠檬酸、琥珀酸含量有所上升;MVD处理的杏鲍菇鲜味浓度最大,味精当量(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)值为302.15 g MSG/100 g,其次是HAD、ID,FD处理的杏鲍菇鲜味浓度低于新鲜杏鲍菇,其EUC值最低。     

不同干燥方法对朝鲜蓟粉品质的影响

探讨热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)、真空干燥(vacuum drying,VD)、真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)及微波干燥(microwave drying,MD)对朝鲜蓟粉基本成分、干燥曲线、色泽、加工特性的影响,为朝鲜蓟粉的开发利用提供理论基础。结果表明,热风组总糖含量最高;冻干组粗纤维(15. 18 g/100 g)和粗蛋白(23. 05g/100 g)含量最高,护色效果最好;微波组粗脂肪(0. 76 g/100 g)含量最高且干燥时间最短,另外其堆积密度值最大,持水性和持油性最好;真空组溶解度最大,复水率的大小顺序为真空组、热风组、微波组、冻干组。微波组与冻干组粒径均较小,且分布均匀集中。综合来看,微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥对朝鲜蓟粉品质均有较好的保护效果,可应用于朝鲜蓟粉的开发利用,考虑到效率及成本问题,可深入研究两者的联合应用。     

微波气流预干燥和微波真空组合干燥生产甜瓜片

研究了微波气流预干燥(MAD)和微波真空(MVD)组合干燥甜瓜片,表明这是一种有潜力的干燥方法。样品先通过微波气流干燥脱去一些自由水,然后通过微波真空干燥到最终水分含量低于7%(湿基)。甜瓜片利用微波气流(MAD)和微波真空(MVD)组合干燥后测得Vc保留率和物性(收缩率,色差,质地和复水率)然后同冷冻干燥(FD)、微波气流干燥(MAD)、气流干燥(AD)和常规热风干燥(HAD)分别进行比较,表明,MA+MVD方法干燥的甜瓜片的Vc保留率接近冻干的甜瓜片,大大优于传统的热风干燥。当前方法干燥的样品表现出的复水率、色差、质构与冻干的产品非常相似,但是出现了明显的膨化现象,然而,这正是生产果蔬脆片所期望得到的结果。     

干燥方式对香菇品质特性及微观结构的影响

为了分析常用的3种干燥方式对香菇干制品品质的影响,以新鲜整香菇为原料,采用三段式微波真空冷冻干燥(three-stage microwave vacuum freeze drying,TS-MVFD)、冷冻干燥(freeze drying,FD)、热风干燥(hot airdrying,HAD)技术干燥加工,探讨不同干燥方式下香菇干制品的干燥特性、营养成分、微观结构,并通过标度法定量分析3种香菇干制品复水熟制后的感官特性。结果表明,香菇脱水至水分质量分数低于13%,TS-MVFD、FD与HAD的干燥时间分别为5、14 h和8 h。复水120 min后,TS-MVFD香菇干制品复水比(7.1)明显高于FD(6.0)、HAD(4.4)样品;复重系数(91.40%)、菌盖色泽和总糖(60.21 g/100 g)、粗多糖(7.41 g/100 g)、游离氨基酸(3.44 g/100 g)含量与FD香菇干制品差异不大;FD香菇截面呈多孔性的蜂窝状网状结构,微孔分布均匀;TS-MVFD香菇微观结构与FD相似,而且微孔孔径稍大;HAD香菇截面结构层叠,细胞壁坍塌严重。复水熟制后,TS-MVFD香菇样品的风味、口感明显优于HAD和FD干燥产品。综上,TS-MVFD是一种有推广价值的香菇干燥方式。     

热风与微波联合干燥香蕉片的工艺研究

应用热风-微波(AD + MD)联合干燥方式,通过L16(45)正交试验,探讨香蕉片联合干燥过程中热风温度、风速、干燥转换点的物料含水率、微波功率对干燥速率的影响;并以成品色差L值、复水率、VC含量、质构和复水率为指标,对联合干燥、热风干燥(AD)和真空冷冻干燥(FD)的产品进行比较.结果表明,热风-微波联合干燥方式的干燥速率快,能耗低,产品品质与真空冷冻干燥的产品相近;其最佳工艺条件为:先在热风温度65 ℃,风速2.4 m/s条件下干燥至物料的含水率为55%,再在微波功率为200 W条件下干燥至成品.     

不同干燥方法对朝鲜蓟粉多酚、抗氧化性及香气成分的影响

探讨热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)、真空干燥(vacuum drying,VD)、真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)及微波干燥(microwave drying,MD)对朝鲜蓟粉多酚含量、抗氧化性及香气成分的影响,为朝鲜蓟粉的开发利用提供理论基础。结果表明,微波组多酚含量最高,其自由酚含量与冻干组差异不显著;自由黄酮含量大小顺序为微波组>冻干组>真空组>热风组,而热风组结合黄酮含量最高; 4种抗氧化评价体系表明微波组自由酚与结合酚抗氧化能力均大于另外3组,且各组自由酚抗氧化能力随着提取液浓度增加而线性增强;对比鲜样香气物质,4组样品香气物质增加,且呈香物质或含量发生改变。综合来看,微波干燥对酚类物质保护最好,抗氧化能力最强,香气物质也较丰富,可应用于朝鲜蓟粉的开发利用。     

不同干燥处理方法对鸡肉丁的干燥效果

分别采用热风干燥法(hot air drying)、真空冷冻干燥法(vacuum freeze drying)和微波-热风耦合干燥法(combined microwave and hot air drying)干燥鸡肉,探究3种不同干燥方法对鸡肉丁的干燥曲线、色泽和水分活度、微观结构、复水性、复水后鸡肉丁质构特性和感官评定等指标的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥后鸡肉色泽与水分活度明显优于其他2种干燥方式;环境扫描电镜(environmental scanning electron microscope, ESEM)观察结果表明,干燥后样品微观结构均发生一定程度收缩,真空冷冻干燥收缩最小,微观结构清晰饱满,与未经干燥样品的微观结构最为接近;真空冷冻干燥后的鸡肉复水时间最短,复水率最大,复水后真空冷冻干燥样品表现出良好的质构特性与感官品质,其次为微波-热风耦合干燥,热风干燥效果最差。     

微波-热风联合干燥茉莉花干燥特性及品质分析

本文对比分析了3种微波（MVD,1.5、2.0、2.5 min）时间与热风（HAD）60 ℃联合干燥对茉莉花干燥特性和品质的影响。结果表明,微波干燥阶段茉莉花水分下降较快,从而加速了茉莉花热风干燥阶段水分下降。微波-热风联合干燥茉莉花水溶性浸出物、羟自由基抑制能力、氨基酸总量和人体必需氨基酸含量均高于HAD组;MVD2.0+HAD和MVD2.5+HAD组茉莉花的色泽、总挥发性成分以及典型性香气成分苄醇、α-法尼烯峰面积均高于HAD对照组,说明MVD1.5+HAD和MVD2.0+HAD 2种干燥方式能较好的保留茉莉花典型性香气;电子鼻分析中LDA分析可很好地区分微波-热风联合干燥茉莉花挥发性成分的差异。综合分析MVD2.0+HAD干燥的茉莉花品质最佳。     

不同干燥方式对松茸品质的影响

以鲜松茸为原料,研究热风干燥（hot-air drying,HAD）、真空冷冻干燥（vacuum freeze drying,VFD） 和微波真空干燥（microwave vacuum drying,MVD）对其色泽、营养成分、氨基酸组成、挥发性成分的影响,为松 茸干燥方式的优化提供理论依据。结果表明：VFD可较好保持松茸的色泽,其他干燥方式会引起松茸的褐变。干燥 后松茸中的脂肪、蛋白质、总糖含量均增加。VFD组蛋白质和总糖含量最高,分别为247.74 mg/g和207.19 mg/g,脂 肪含量最低,为30.63 mg/g;MVD组脂肪含量最高,为39.33 mg/g,总糖含量最低,为166.99 mg/g;HAD组蛋白质 含量最低,为226.01 mg/g。HAD组松茸总酚含量最高,VFD组最低,分别为7.42 mg GAE/g和3.89 mg GAE/g。总氨 基酸含量大小依次为VFD组＞MVD组＞鲜松茸＞HAD组,在其各种必需氨基酸中,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸和半 胱氨酸。鲜松茸、HAD组、VFD组和MVD组分别检测出21、36、31和31 种挥发性成分,HAD组新生成较多的醇、 醛、酯、烃类物质,赋予松茸浓郁的芳香味,MVD组可较好地保留鲜松茸中主要的风味物质。综合比较,MVD为 松茸较理想的干燥方式。     

GC-MS结合电子鼻分析干燥方式对杏鲍菇挥发性风味成分的影响

为明确干燥方式对杏鲍菇挥发性风味成分的影响,利用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对冷冻干燥（freeze drying,FD）、热风干燥（hot air drying,HAD）、中短波红外干燥（short-and mediumwave infrared drying,ID）和微波真空干燥（microwave vacuum drying,MVD）制得的杏鲍菇干燥样品进行挥发性成分分析,并进一步对这4 种干样的挥发性成分进行主成分分析。结果表明：电子鼻对挥发性成分从整体上进行分析,发现线性判别分析能够很好地区分不同干燥方式的杏鲍菇样品。利用HS-SPME-GC-MS从鲜样（fresh sample,FS）及4 种干样中鉴定出99 种挥发性物质,包括醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烷烃类和其他类化合物共6 类成分,其中醇类物质（19 种）为FS、FD、HAD和ID样品中的主要挥发性物质,醛类物质（18 种）为MVD样品中的主要挥发性成分,不同干燥方式制得的杏鲍菇主要挥发性成分差异显著。对不同干燥方式制得的杏鲍菇样品挥发性物质进行主成分分析,建立其品质评价模型,得出干样的综合得分顺序依次为ID、FD、HAD及MVD,为杏鲍菇的干燥加工提供了理论依据。     

Quality Changes of Dehydrated Restructured Fish Product from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as Affected by Drying Methods

Restructured fish slices from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were dried using air drying (AD), freeze drying (FD), and vacuum drying (VD) (4 mm thickness) and microwave-vacuum drying (MVD) (2, 4, 6, and 8 mm thickness). Quality attributes of the dried products were compared in terms of their rehydrated characteristics, change in dimensions, color, texture, sensory values before and after rehydration, and change in volatile compounds. AD, FD, and VD resulted in the different levels of shrinkage while MVD caused some expansion in diameter and thickness in the 4-, 6-, and 8-mm-thickness samples. Rehydration caused significant swelling in AD, FD, and VD products (p?<?0.05) but insignificant change in MVD products (p?>?0.05). Drying methods significantly affected the color and texture of both dried and rehydrated products (p?<?0.05), but slice thickness had no significant effect on the color in MVD products (p?>?0.05). MVD products rehydrated faster and had higher rehydration ratio as well as lower water hold capacity, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness than others. In sensory evaluation, MVD products alone exhibited acceptable crispness and favorable odor. The rehydrated dried products were acceptable by the sensory panelists and were preferred in the order: FD, VD, AD, MVD. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that drying significantly decreased the n-alkanals and 1-octen-3-ol content (p?<?0.05) and produced new aldehydes including 2-methyl-propanal, 3-methyl-butanal, and furfural in MVD products. This study demonstrated that drying restructured fish meat can be potentially used to develop the new dried fish products using optimal drying conditions.     

不同干燥处理对黑木耳粉理化特性和微观结构的影响

为了探讨不同干燥处理对黑木耳粉理化特性的影响,采用热风（hot air drying,HAD）、热泵（heat pump drying,HPD）、真空微波（microwave vacuum drying,MVD）和真空冷冻（vacuum freeze drying,VFD）4 种不同干燥方式对黑木耳进行干燥,并探讨了超微粉碎后黑木耳粉的理化特性,结果表明：不同方式处理的黑木耳粉的理化特性差异明显。VFD黑木耳粉的平均粒径最小,堆积密度最大,亮度最高,持水能力和流动性最好,水溶性指数和多糖溶出量最高,VFD黑木耳粉的品质优于其他干燥处理,但是VFD干燥处理能耗较高,MVD黑木耳粉的品质优于HPD和HAD处理,可作为黑木耳粉碎前干燥处理的备选方法。     

干燥方式对复水香菇感官、质构及营养品质的影响

为获得复水性较好的干香菇,研究了热风干燥（hot-air drying,HAD）、中短波红外干燥（infrared radiation drying,IRD）和真空冷冻干燥（freeze drying,FD）香菇的复水特性及复水后的综合品质。结果表明：FD香菇具有均匀的多孔结构,使得干香菇的复水速率明显高于HAD香菇和IRD香菇,复水60?min即可达最大复水体积比（9.22）,且复水香菇的外观与鲜样接近。同时,复水后FD香菇的剪切力（1?352.99?g）和咀嚼性（232.54?g）最小,表明其质地柔软、易被切分。此外,FD复水香菇和其他两种复水香菇具有相似的电子鼻响应值曲线,表明其香气无差异。复水时FD香菇的蛋白质和VB2的溶出率最高,分别为0.42?mg/g和0.71×10－3?mg/g,说明FD复水香菇富含营养成分,且加工时较易溶出。综上,FD可作为一种较好的干燥方式来制备复水性较好的高品质香菇。     

Comparison of four drying methods for re-structured mixed potato with apple chips

The effects of microwave-freeze drying (MFD), freeze drying (FD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD) and vacuum drying (VD) on texture, color, rehydration, sensory, microstructure and other quality parameters of re-structured chips made by blending apple with potato were studied. MFD chips had the best quality and these products were preferred by consumers. The drying time for MFD was lower than that for FD. The drying time for MVD was the shortest and the energy consumption was also the lowest. Microwave drying not only reduces the drying time but also improves the quality of dried products. Both MFD and MVD techniques are found to be suitable for production of re-structured chips of varying grades.     

Comparison of Freeze-Drying with Three Different Combinations of Drying Methods and Their Influence on Colour,Texture, Microstructure and Nutrient Retention of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Slices

Freeze-drying (FD) and three different combinations of drying methods: freeze-drying combined with hot air drying (FD?+?AD), freeze-drying combined with vacuum drying (FD?+?VD) and freeze-drying combined with microwave vacuum drying (FD?+?MVD) were used to dry button mushroom slices. A comprehensive analysis of dried products was performed on their colour, texture, nutrient retention, microstructure and energy consumption. The results showed that, under conditions of 38 % moisture content changing point, most of the parameters including L* values, a* values, average density and hardness of FD?+?VD and FD?+?MVD samples had no remarkable changes (p?>?0.05) compared with FD samples. However, only FD?+?MVD method can reduce drying time by 35.63 % in comparison of FD method, although all the combination drying methods can reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, FD?+?VD and FD?+?MVD products were better than FD?+?AD products in nutrient retention except that content of vitamin C was comparatively lower during FD?+?MVD process. In conclusion, the FD?+?MVD method has advantages in terms of efficiency and energy saving and could be preferred to produce high-quality products.     

干燥方法对速食薏米粉干燥特性与品质的影响

采用微波干燥(MD)、微波对流干燥(MCD)、热风干燥(HAD)和传统烤制法(TR)4种干燥方法对高压汽蒸熟制薏米进行干燥制备速食薏米粉,考察4种干燥方法对薏米的干燥特性,并比较其对薏米粉色泽、营养成分、冲调特性和感官评价的影响。结果表明:在干燥特性方面,MCD所用时间最短,仅为26 min,其次为TR,为35 min,HAD所用时间最长,为90 min,且MCD的平均干燥速率最高。在色泽方面,选用MCD方法处理的样品颜色偏黄,更接近于新鲜薏米粉的色泽。在营养化学组分特性方面,干燥后的薏米粉中灰分、粗脂肪、蛋白质、总糖和还原糖的含量均有损失,其中MD对灰分和总糖损失最少;MCD对蛋白质和还原糖的保留最好;TR干燥后的粗脂肪含量最高为7.02 g/100 g。冲调特性方面,MCD制备的产品堆积密度最低,休止角最小,流动性最好,水合能力最高;TR制备的薏米粉的润湿下沉性和分散性时间最短,结块率和吸湿率最低。MCD 样品获得最高的感官评价分84.8分。综合评价相对HAD和TR,MCD干燥速率快、品质好。