湖北烟区气候与土壤生态因素分析

分析了湖北烟区烤烟种植的气候因素和土壤养分含量状况。结果表明:(1)湖北烟区烤烟大田生长期气温较适宜,降雨充沛,温热条件能够满足烤烟生长发育的需求,并具有无霜期长、≥10℃积温高、日均温≥20℃持续天数多的特点,但降雨量分布存在较大的时空变异。(2)土壤物理性状较为理想,具有较强的保肥能力,pH值较适宜,有机质含量丰富,土壤氮素、磷素和钾素含量较能满足烟株需求;钙镁比值不平衡,有效硫含量较高;大多数微量元素含量丰富,但有效硼和水溶性氯含量不足。(3)分别基于气候因素和土壤因素指标,采用聚类分析法将湖北植烟县(市)分为3个片区,对各片区的气候和土壤因素进行了描述。     

曲靖烟区烤烟铅、铬、汞含量及其与土壤环境因子的相关性

在云南省曲靖市各植烟县采集代表性植烟土壤和烟叶样品各96个,测定了样品的铅、铬、汞含量,并分析了烟叶铅、铬、汞含量与土壤环境因子的相关性。结果表明:曲靖烟区烤烟铅、铬、汞平均含量分别为4.15,1.78和0.050mg/kg,均处于较低水平;土壤中铅、铬、汞含量符合国家土壤环境质量2级的样点数分别达到98.96%,100%和94.79%,土壤重金属含量状况良好;植烟土壤pH适宜,有机质含量丰富,氮素、钾素含量较高,磷素含量适中。烟叶中铅、铬、汞的含量与土壤中的含量存在直接关系,与土壤pH负相关,与土壤有机质含量正相关。     

施用有机肥对植烟土壤速效磷和速效钾含量的影响

通过培育试验研究了5种有机肥对4种植烟土壤速效磷、钾含量的影响.结果表明,4种植烟土壤及其施用有机肥后,速效磷含量变化呈单峰、双峰曲线两种类型,而速效钾含量变化则呈直线型;有机肥对速效磷影响依次为猪粪>鸡粪>饼肥>牛粪>稻草,对速效钾影响依次为稻草>鸡粪>饼肥>猪粪>牛粪,且随有机肥用量增加而提高,土壤磷素供应时间也前移;磷素最大释放率次序为猪粪>饼肥>鸡粪>牛粪>稻草,钾素最大释放率为稻草>鸡粪>饼肥>猪粪>牛粪,且出现在灰砂泥田的频率较高.     

云南省耿马县蔗区土壤主要养分状况分析研究及对策

对云南省耿马县蔗区耕作层土壤养分的测定表明，该县土壤的有机质含量为中等，氮素营养中上，钾素供给中下，磷素供给中下。各村片差别较大，部分土壤养分严重缺乏，土壤明显酸化。土壤主要养分的供给总体上处于中下水平。根据该蔗区土壤养分状况提出相应对策。     

湖南典型烟区土壤有机质与活性组分的分布特征及相关性

为探明湖南省湘西自治州烟区与湘南永州烟区土壤有机质的数量和质量状况,运用野外调查与室内分析相结合、Arc GIS空间插值与统计分析相结合的方法,研究了典型烟区植烟土壤有机质与活性组分的分布特征及相关性。结果表明,湘西自治州烟区与湘南永州烟区植烟土壤有机质含量总体偏高,空间变异较大。湘西自治州烟区土壤有机质平均含量为28.55 g/kg,土壤活性有机质平均含量为6.25 g/kg,植烟县土壤有机质含量主要处于适宜、高范围(占66.18%);湘南永州烟区土壤有机质平均含量为42.3 g/kg,土壤活性有机质平均含量为7.80 g/kg,植烟县土壤有机质主要处于高、极高范围(占70.1%)。两大典型生态烟区土壤有机质与活性有机质含量均呈线性正相关关系,土壤有机质与土壤全氮、碱解氮的相关性最大,表明土壤氮素与土壤有机质的关系最为密切。研究区应根据土壤有机质的分布特征合理调控有机肥和氮肥的施用。     

我国浓香型烟区土壤腐殖质组成特征

采用河南、安徽、湖南浓香型烟叶产区6 县耕层植烟土壤,分析了我国浓香型植烟区土壤腐殖质组成特征。结果表明：(1)我国浓香型烟区土壤腐殖质碳量平均为15.71 g/kg,胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素碳量分别为3.87、3.40 和8.44 g/kg, 腐殖质及各组分变异系数均较大。(2)不同类型的土壤腐殖质组成存在显著差异,腐殖质碳量由高到低依次为：水稻土>浓香型;腐殖质;组成;土壤类型;烟草红壤>褐土。土壤腐殖化程度,水稻土最高,红壤最低。(3)湘南烟区土壤腐殖质及组分碳量相对较高,豫中烟区相对较低。豫中和皖南烟区土壤胡富比明显低于湘南烟区,分别为0.92、0.81 和1.32,湘南烟区土壤腐殖质活化度明显较低。     

四川省植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量评价及施肥探讨

为查明四川烟区土壤微量元素养分含量状况及分布规律,采集了植烟土壤样品298个,对植烟土壤中有效态微量元素的含量进行了测试和评价。结果表明:四川烟区土壤有效铜、铁、锰含量极其丰富,铜含量较丰富,大面积缺锌,有效硼极其缺乏。建议全区范围补硼,川东北烟区补锌,对于铁、锰浓度高,pH低于5 5的土壤施用石灰。     

清香型烟区土壤腐殖质特性

为了弄清我国清香型典型烟区土壤腐殖质组成特征,对福建、云南、四川3大烟区19个县52个典型样点耕层土壤腐殖质组分碳量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,总体上,清香型烟区腐殖质及其组分碳量均符合正态分布,土壤腐殖质碳、胡敏素碳、胡敏酸碳及富里酸碳量平均分别为16.3、12.3、1.7、2.3 g/kg,胡富比平均为0.75。腐殖质及其组分随土壤发育程度的增强而提高,在土壤类型上体现为水稻土>红壤>紫色土;受种植制度的影响,清香型烟区水稻土胡敏酸碳量以福建烟区显著高于其他2个烟区,胡富比福建烟区最高,云南烟区最低,四川烟区居中,其值分别为0.92、0.67、0.70;区域土壤腐殖质及其组分的平均值受样本土壤类型组成的影响,在进行腐殖质及其组分的区域整体评价时,应考虑到样本组成。     

不同烟区烤烟含钾量差异初步研究

在3个烟区（山东安丘，贵州湄潭和福建永定）采用相同品种（K326）完成的一组四处理（无肥、饼肥、烟草专用肥，饼肥加烟草专用肥）大田试验结果。结果表明，不同烟区烤烟团棵期茎叶中的含钾量相似，随烟株进入旺长期和成熟期，不同烟区的烟叶含钾量出现明显差异，石灰性土壤烟区（山东安丘）烤烟旺长期叶片和初烤叶的含钾量（K％）仅为酸性土壤烟区（福建永定）的60％－40％。作者认为，这种差异的基本原因，是不同烟区土壤溶液中阳离子含量和组成的差异，石灰性土壤溶液中活性Ca,Mg的含量高，在与阳离子K的竞争中处于优势，抑制了烟株对钾的吸收，同时还提供了若干有助于提高烤烟含钾量的措施。     

基于空间插值法的遵义烟区植烟土壤养分时空变化

为明确遵义烟区近10年田间管理技术对植烟土壤养分的影响，以遵义中部烟区为例，运用反距离权重法对比分析了遵义市播州区、汇川区、新蒲新区2006年和2016年的植烟土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、缓效钾、速效钾、pH的变化。结果表明，遵义植烟土壤中不同养分含量变化具有差异性，表现在土壤缓效钾和速效钾含量分别增加了36.43%和57.25%；土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、pH分别下降了23.17%、18.62%、16.78%、49.88%、0.52。在空间分布上，分别有87.2%、81.1%、90%、93.5%、80.0%的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、pH呈下降趋势；分别有84.2%、90.2%的土壤缓效钾、速效钾呈增加趋势。养分空间分布的变化规律表征遵义烟区田间施肥和管理技术较为统一；同时显示，遵义烟区应增加有机肥和磷的施用量，维持氮总量，减少无机氮和钾的施用量并根据区域状况进行合理配方施肥。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

转录组学在储粮害虫研究中的进展

转录组测序技术能将组织或细胞在不同生理条件下的差异基因量化,是探索基因功能和揭示特定生物学过程中分子机理的必要手段。储粮害虫是严重危害储藏粮食的一类害虫,从转录组水平揭示储粮害虫生长发育、关键基因功能、抗药性分子机制等成为研究热点,极大促进了对储粮害虫特别是无参考基因组信息的害虫的研究。因此,本文系统性从生长发育相关基因的挖掘、组织特异性基因、与微生物互作机制、对环境胁迫的响应机制、磷化氢抗性机理和植物精油杀虫机理研究六个方面综述了转录组学在储粮害虫研究中的应用,旨在为储粮害虫的深入研究提供参考,对进一步进行储粮害虫防治技术开发提供理论依据。