干燥方式对桑叶降糖活性成分含量的影响

本实验探讨了冷冻干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥和热风干燥4 种不同干燥方式对桑叶降糖活性成分的影响。采用高效液相色谱法测定桑叶1-脱氧野尻霉素（1-deoxynojirimycin,DNJ）含量、苯酚-硫酸法测桑叶多糖含量、亚硝酸钠法测定桑叶总黄酮含量。结果表明：冷冻干燥法制备的桑叶色泽最好,与新鲜桑叶最为接近,但DNJ和总黄酮的含量都较低;真空干燥法制备的桑叶DNJ和多糖含量最低,且桑叶的色泽也最差;微波干燥对桑叶的降糖成分和色泽影响较小,当功率为140 W处理10 min时,其DNJ和多糖的含量最高,分别为（297.15±6.35） mg/100 g和（11.71±0.01）%;热风干燥的时间较短,对桑叶的颜色影响也较小,当干燥温度为75 ℃,干燥时间为60 min,所得桑叶的DNJ、总黄酮、多糖的含量都较高,分别为（227.47±5.79）mg/100 g、（49.51±1.18）mg/g和（11.29±0.01）%。因此热风干燥更适合于工业化生产中大批量桑叶的干燥。同时测定对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用可知干燥后桑叶降糖物质结构未发生改变,降糖效果依然存在。     

南瓜酚类物质及抗氧化活性受烹饪方式的影响

分析蒸法、微波及烤箱烹饪对南瓜中的酚类物质及南瓜抗氧化活性的影响。测定总酚、儿茶素类、酚酸类等酚类物质含量,分析DPPH自由基清除能力、·OH清除能力、还原能力及总抗氧化性,并探讨酚类物质与这些抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明,烤箱烹饪后的总酚含量最高,与其他烹饪方式相比差异显著(p0.05),且烤箱不去皮烹饪与去皮烹饪的总酚含量差异较大。烤箱烹饪后的DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力及总抗氧化性与其他烹饪方式相比,几乎均有显著差异(p0.05)。南瓜DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力及总抗氧化性与酚类物质呈正相关,部分呈明显的正相关(R20.8)。     

不同加工方式对紫色马铃薯中酚类物质的影响

紫色马铃薯富含花青素、绿原酸等多酚类物质,是价格低廉、取材广泛的天然抗氧化剂来源。为探明加工方式对紫色马铃薯中酚类物质的影响,最大程度地保留抗氧化活性物质,以3个紫色马铃薯品系和白色马铃薯品种‘夏波蒂’为实验材料,采用蒸制、微波和水煮3种加工方式进行处理,分析加工前后紫色马铃薯块茎中花青素、绿原酸、自由态多酚、结合态多酚的含量及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,3种加工方式均导致紫色马铃薯花青素含量的降低;与对照品种‘夏波蒂’相比,蒸制和微波处理后紫色品系马铃薯自由态多酚、结合态多酚、绿原酸的含量及抗氧化活性均更高,而水煮处理后,除结合态多酚的含量增加外,其余成分的含量均显著降低。因此,微波和蒸制加工可以更好地保留紫色马铃薯中的多酚类物质,从而发挥其抗氧化作用。     

热加工方式对火麻仁风味与品质的影响

采用常压蒸制、炒制、热风烘烤以及微波4种热加工方式处理云南大姚火麻仁。以火麻仁香味为指标,探究4种热加工方式在最佳香味处理条件下对其挥发性风味物质、色泽、营养成分及贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明:4种热加工方式最优处理条件分别为100℃常压蒸制8 min、150℃炒制15 min、130℃热风烘烤40 min以及600 W功率微波4 min。未处理火麻仁中含有较多的2-3丁二醇(10.21%)、1-己醇(7.92%)等醇类物质。4种热加工方式均可使挥发性风味物质的种类和含量增加,其中炒制处理和热风烘烤可明显增加醛类、杂环类物质的含量。不同热加工方式处理后火麻仁的色泽、蛋白质、总糖、灰分、脂肪、总酚、总黄酮含量及不饱和脂肪酸比例存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。微波处理可保留较高含量的蛋白质、总酚和总黄酮;蒸制处理和热风烘烤后可保留较高比例的不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚麻酸保留率最高,分别为92.64%和98.73%。不同热加工方式处理的火麻仁对脂肪氧化酶均有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),在短期贮藏过程中均能抑制脂肪的氧化。本研究结果为火麻仁深层次的加工利用提供参考。     

中式烹饪对紫甘蓝的抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的影响

研究了不同的中式烹饪方式(煮、汽蒸、微波、炒和油炸)对紫甘蓝的抗氧化物质(花色苷、类胡萝卜素、维生素C和酚类)和抗氧化性的影响。与生紫甘蓝相比,总硫苷、总类胡萝卜素、维生素C和总酚的含量以及抗氧化性在中式烹饪后都明显降低。其中,炒和油炸导致抗氧化物质和抗氧化性的显著减少,而汽蒸和微波保留了最多的促进健康的化合物,是烹饪紫甘蓝的最好方式。延长烹饪时间会引起抗氧化物质和抗氧化性的更多损失。抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的相关性研究表明:维生素C与抗氧化能力具有更多的相关性,而总类胡萝卜素含量与抗氧化能力具有最小的相关性。     

桑叶提取物活性成分及其抗氧化与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

为研究桑叶提取物的主要活性成分与其体外抗氧化与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性之间的关系,采用热循环提取与有机膜、树脂纯化相结合的方式制备了4个规格的桑叶提取物,分析了4种桑叶提取物的主要有效成分含量差异,并比较了它们的体外抗氧化与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。研究发现,桑叶提取物(总黄酮≥20%)中DNJ、黄酮、多酚、多糖分别为0、22.47%、16.85%、30.63%,桑叶提取物(DNJ≥1%)中DNJ、黄酮、多酚、多糖分别为1.37%、5.34%、5.00%、10.46%,桑叶提取物(DNJ≥5%)中DNJ、黄酮、多酚、多糖分别为5.43%、18.63%、13.67%、25.25%,桑叶提取物(DNJ≥10%)中DNJ、黄酮、多酚、多糖分别为13.28%、14.29%、11.66%、16.89%。除桑叶提取物(DNJ≥1%)外,另外3种成分均具有较好的DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除能力及ORAC自由基吸收能力,且结果具有一致性。提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性与DNJ的含量正相关,但非线性相关,且与其黄酮、多酚、多糖含量无显著相关性。桑叶提取物中还存在其他非黄酮类、酚类、多糖类的未知成分对...     

不同烹饪方式对干腌火腿理化、感官及风味品质的影响

熟肉制品的理化、感官和风味品质与烹饪方式密切相关,通过比较高压、微波、蒸制和煮制4 种烹饪方式对盘县火腿理化和营养特性、风味品质及感官评价的影响,筛选出最适宜盘县火腿的烹饪方法。结果表明：蒸制和煮制火腿色泽更好,pH值较高,分别为6.10和8.16,水分含量较高,分别为35.70%和35.20%,盐含量和烹饪损失率更低,分别为28.01%、5.15%和28.06%、4.99%;微波处理火腿粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为6.48%和55.14%;4 种烹饪方式均导致火腿中风味物质种类减少,但微波、蒸制和煮制可增加风味物质含量,特别是蒸制;聚类分析和Biplot分析同样显示出蒸制对原料火腿风味的改善作用;主成分分析结果表明,15 种特征香气成分中有7 种与蒸制火腿相关,包括2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、己醛、壬醛、庚醛、辛醛和(E)-2-癸烯醛;感官评价结果表明,蒸制火腿的肉香属性得分最高,偏最小二乘回归相关性分析显示,这可能与其高含量的3-甲基丁醛、己醛和壬醛有关。盘县火腿最佳烹饪方式为蒸制,有助于改善其理化特性和风味品质。     

烹饪方式对红枣多酚抗氧化活性的影响

研究了不同烹饪方式(高压蒸、煮及常压蒸、煮)对红枣枣皮、枣肉中多酚粗提物及4种存在形式酚酸部分的总酚含量及抗氧化活性的影响。采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定其总酚含量、DPPH法和FRAP法分别评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明:高压蒸煮较常压处理红枣中的总酚含量较高,尤其是枣肉;常压煮制红枣的枣皮和枣肉中酚酸类化合物的总酚含量均最高。常压蒸制处理的红枣枣皮的DPPH·清除能力和总抗氧化能力均较强,而高压蒸制处理的红枣枣肉的DPPH·清除能力较强,常压煮制的红枣枣肉总抗氧化能力较强。红枣中总酚尤其是酚酸类化合物对其抗氧化活性起了很大的作用。红枣若采用高压烹饪方式,蒸制处理能较好地保存红枣中的酚类化合物及抗氧化活性;若采用常压烹饪方式,则煮制较好。     

藜麦茶加工工艺及酚类物质组成分析

以感官评分和总酚含量为评价指标,首先采用Plackett-Burman设计对藜麦茶加工工艺的主要影响因素进行筛选,再联合响应面试验对显著影响因素进行优化,建立藜麦茶的最优工艺条件,并利用高效液相色谱对藜麦和藜麦茶的酚类物质组成进行解析。结果表明：藜麦茶的最优工艺条件为烘干时间30 min、焙烤温度201 ℃、焙烤时间10 min。在此条件下制得的藜麦茶感官评分为86.32,总酚含量为3.73 mg/g。与藜麦相比,藜麦茶酚类物质含量更高,游离态酚类含量和黄酮含量分别增加了54%、16%,游离态总酚指数和结合态总酚指数分别是藜麦的2.3倍和1.2倍,其中没食子酸、原儿茶酸、芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚含量增加最显著。     

烹饪方式对香椿芽的抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的影响

研究了不同的中式烹饪(煮、炒和油炸)对香椿的抗氧化物质(总黄酮、生物碱、总多酚及酚类组成)和抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除能力、FRAP)的影响。与新鲜香椿相比,总黄酮、生物碱及总多酚在中式烹饪后都明显降低。酚类组成以没食子酸、芦丁、杨梅素为主,其中水煮导致没食子酸的含量显著增加,炒和油炸导致没食子酸的含量先升后降;3种烹饪方式导致芦丁、杨梅素的含量显著降低。炒和油炸导致抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性显著减少,延长烹饪时间会引起更多抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的减少。水煮和1 min油炸对香椿抗氧化活性的影响最小,是最适合香椿的烹饪方式。     

Application of simultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking to improve nutritional quality of cooked purple sweet potatoes and saving time

The influence of simultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking on contents of specific phytochemicals, carbohydrate and antioxidant activity of purple sweet potatoes (PSPs) was investigated, and compared to those of individual steaming and microwaving. Results showed that the contents of phytochemicals including total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins and phenolic acids except caffeic acid increased after cooking to different extent depending on cooking methods. The PSPs cooked by simultaneous combination of microwave (500 W) and steam (1700 W) for 12 min (M₅₀₀-S₁₇₀₀-12) contained the highest of total phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Simultaneous combination of microwave and steaming resulted in higher content of soluble sugar in PSPs. PSPs cooked by M₅₀₀-S₁₇₀₀-12 showed the highest antioxidant activity, which was well accordance with higher contents of phytochemicals. The findings suggest that appropriate simultaneous combination of microwave and steaming could better preserve active phytochemicals in PSPs, but significantly shorten cooking time compared with individual steaming.Industrial relevanceSimultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking is a new technology for cooking food. However, the information about the effects of simultaneous combination of microwave and steam cooking on quality of food is limited. The present findings showed that the appropriate combination of microwave and steam cooking could significantly decrease the cooking time and improve nutrition value of cooked PSPs. This research is not only of importance for understanding the changes of food composition during different heating process, but also has important practical significance for choosing a scientific cooking methods and developing new type of cooking utensils which can better satisfy current consumers' needs.     

烹调方式及4℃模拟配送中青椒营养品质及亚硝酸盐含量变化

本实验通过测定同一烹调成熟度下我国主要烹调方式及模拟餐饮冷藏配送过程中青椒营养品质和亚硝酸盐含量的变化,确定青椒最佳冷藏配送时间以及准确评估我国居民营养素的摄入量。以青椒为原料,以硬度作为烹调成熟度的统一标准,以传统烹调方式炒制、蒸制、煮制、微波为烹调方法,研究青椒在烹调后及模拟4℃冷藏配送0、1、4、8、12、24 h复热青椒的营养品质及亚硝酸含量变化。结果表明:烹调使VC含量显著降低,烹调后其真实保存率为76.3%~84.0%;总酚含量和抗氧化活性烹调后显著增加,总酚含量的真实保存率、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力的真实保存率、铁离子还原能力的真实保存率分别为97.7%~130.6%、156.76%~203.79%、156.94%~172.53%;除煮制使青椒可溶性固形物含量显著降低22.06%,其他几种烹调方式可以很好地保存可溶性固形物。烹调还会使亚硝酸盐含量显著降低6%~18%,更利于人体健康。在统一烹调标准下,不同烹调方式对VC含量影响无显著差异,炒制较其他几种方式相比能更多地增加总酚含量,蒸制和煮制能更多地增加抗氧化活性,煮制可以更多地减少亚硝酸盐的含量。综合而言,蒸制处理的青椒能更好地保持青椒的营养品质,且显著降低亚硝酸盐含量,更利于人体健康,建议对青椒的食用以蒸制处理后食用为好。在24 h模拟配送过程中,烹调青椒的营养品质呈下降趋势,亚硝酸盐含量呈缓慢上升趋势;蒸制和微波处理的青椒品质变化相对缓慢,更适宜作为模拟冷配送的前处理过程;营养物质在前8 h内快速下降,亚硝酸盐含量在模拟配送24 h显著增加,建议以青椒为原料的餐饮冷藏配送时间不宜超过24 h,且应在前8 h内采取保护措施。     

Effects of boiling and microwaving treatments on nutritional characteristics and antioxidant activities of Agaricus blazei Murril

The effects of boiling and microwaving on nutritional compositions, antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of fresh and frozen A. blazei Murril (AbM) were evaluated and compared. The results showed that the contents of crude protein, ash, total soluble protein, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, and total phenolics decreased by both cooking treatments, but no significant changes were observed in lipids. Amino acid composition analysis showed that the ratio of total essential amino acids to total amino acids increased, and the ratio of total non‐essential amino acids to total amino acids thus decreased by both cooking treatments. Boiling and microwaving significantly decreased the contents of glucose, galactose and mannose, and the effect of boiling was higher than that of microwaving. Furthermore, boiling and microwaving significantly decreased the DPPH‐scavenging activity and reducing power of AbM. Analysis of the relations between the antioxidant activities and total phenolic concentrations testified that the cooking treatments not only decreased the total phenolic contents, but also changed the types and relative amounts of phenolic compounds of AbM.     

水煮和微波处理对巴西蘑菇营养品质及抗氧化能力的影响

研究了水煮和微波加热处理对新鲜巴西蘑菇营养成分及其抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,水煮和微波加热处理不同程度上降低了总蛋白质、灰分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性多糖、总酚和VC的含量,而对脂肪的含量没有显著性变化。另外,加热处理明显改变了巴西蘑菇氨基酸和单糖的组成,微波处理的损失率显著低于水煮处理。加热处理对巴西蘑菇的还原力和清除DPPH·能力的影响显示,水煮和微波处理不仅降低了巴西蘑菇总酚含量,而且改变了其总酚的组成,水煮处理对其抗氧化能力的破坏能力明显高于微波处理。研究可为消费者日常生活合理烹调巴西蘑菇提供科学依据。     

Effect of steamable bag microwaving versus traditional cooking methods on nutritional preservation and physical properties of frozen vegetables: A case study on broccoli (Brassica oleracea)

The effect of steamable bag microwaving on the nutritional value and physical properties of frozen vegetables was studied and compared to that of traditional cooking methods (i.e., steamer steaming and traditional microwaving) for the first time. Broccoli was chosen for this study since it is one of the most consumed frozen vegetables. Titration, oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, colorimetry (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, and total color difference) and texturometry were used for evaluation. The results show that steamable bag microwaving performs better than traditional microwaving and is equal to steamer steaming in retaining ascorbic acid content and increasing antioxidant activity compared to thawed frozen broccoli. Steamable bag microwaving tenderizes frozen broccoli faster, and better maintains the broccoli lightness and yellowness than steamer steaming and traditional microwaving. These findings show that steamable bag microwaving is a more appropriate cooking method for frozen broccoli than traditional cooking methods.Industrial relevanceSteamable bag microwaving is an emerging cooking technology for frozen vegetables. While steamable bag microwaving provides consumers with convenience and safety compared to other cooking technologies (i.e., traditional microwaving, steaming, and boiling), there is no information on the effect of steamable bag microwaving on nutritional and physical changes of frozen vegetables. Our findings show that steamable bag microwaving is more appropriate than traditional cooking methods and satisfies current consumers' needs better (i.e., high nutritional content, fresh-like produce, and time savings).     

烹饪方法对兔排油脂氧化和挥发性呈味物的作用研究

本文对比研究了煎、炸、微波和烤4种中式烹饪方式处理的兔排脂质氧化程度和挥发性呈味物的异同与联系。烹饪导致兔排油脂氧化,以微波和烤制样品的TBARs值升高最为显著(P0.05),分别达到1.31 mg MDA/kg样品和1.23 mg MDA/kg样品。烹制兔排样品中共检测出56种挥发性化合物,不同烹制方式导致兔排中各挥发性化合物含量存在一定差异;烤兔排的总挥发性化合物含量最高。新鲜兔排挥发性化合物的主成分是酯类,而醛类是烹饪样品中挥发性化合物的主成分,在煎制、油炸、微波和烤制兔排样品中醛类化合物分别占据总挥发性化合物的54.31%、53.21%、59.99%和65.19%。兔排油脂氧化指数TBARs值与挥发性化合物中总酯类含量呈线性负向相关,与总醛类、总呋喃类及总挥发性化合物含量呈正相关,其中与己醛的相关系数高达0.793,说明油脂氧化产物是烹制兔排挥发性化合物的主成分物来源。     

基于营养与智能感官综合比较不同烹饪方式下芫根的品质差异

为筛选出芫根的适宜烹饪方式,本研究利用氨基酸自动分析仪、电子舌和食品热量检测仪（Calory Answer）比较了5种烹饪方式（水煮、气蒸、微波、高压和油炒）下芫根游离氨基酸、整体滋味和营养成分的差异,同时对芫根的抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明：新鲜芫根中总游离氨基酸含量为261.06 mg/100 g,以甜味氨基酸为主,气蒸、微波和油炒后芫根中总游离氨基酸的含量分别提高90.50%、59.74%和83.92%,其中苦味氨基酸比例增加;水煮能够增加酸味和鲜味氨基酸的比例,减少苦味氨基酸比例。油炒、微波和高压能显著提高芫根的能量和碳水化合物含量,气蒸和油炒能显著提高其多酚含量和抗氧化活性（P<0.05）。电子舌能有效区分不同方式烹饪的芫根,水煮和气蒸的芫根滋味较为接近,微波和高压的相似,油炒的较其他相比滋味差异较大。主成分综合评价分析表明：芫根最适宜的烹饪方式是气蒸,其次是油炒。     

Effects of different cooking methods on chemical compositions,in vitro starch digestibility and antioxidant activity of taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms

The impacts of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, baking, microwaving and frying) on chemical compositions, starch digestibility and antioxidant activity of taro corms were investigated. Compared with raw taro, boiling and frying reduced crude protein and ash contents. Frying significantly increased crude fat and fibre contents but decreased carbohydrate content. All cooking methods reduced oxalate content, especially frying. Among the cooked products, the boiled taro had the highest rapidly digestible starch (RDS) but the lowest resistant starch (RS) contents. In contrast, the fried taro provided the lowest RDS but the highest RS contents. All cooking methods reduced the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of taro. The boiled taro had the lowest antioxidant activity but the fired taro provided the highest. Frying was able to retain most of the health-promoting compounds with the lowest oxalate content; however, the high consumption of high-fat fried taro may adversely affect human health.