高品质面条工艺配方优化

利用响应面(RSM)研究超微蛋白粉、食盐、木薯淀粉、海藻酸钠、谷朊粉在面粉中不同的添加量对高品质面条产品感官、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、膨润度、溶出率、面汤浊度、最大剪切力及有机物含量(TOM)品质因素的影响。研究结果表明:当超微蛋白粉、食盐、木薯淀粉、海藻酸钠、谷朊粉在面粉中的添加量分别为2.84、1.87、11.63、0.3、2g/dL时可获得最佳的面条品质。     

黄原胶对面条品质的影响

研究了黄原胶对面粉面筋形成、面团流变学、淀粉膨胀势、面粉糊化特性以及面条蒸煮特性、面条质构特性、面条感官评价的影响,以及黄原胶对它们的影响的相关性,结果表明黄原胶对面筋的形成先强化后弱化,对粉质特性有较明显的提高,但是降低了面团的拉伸特性,减少了面条的吸水率、干物质损失和蛋白质损失,改善了面条的质?适 构特性.相关性分析表明.面团的粉质特性和面条特性有较好的相关性.膨胀势与面条的弹性有较好的相关性.黄原胶对面条品质的影响应该是黄原胶加大了面筋网络与淀粉颗粒的结合.提高了面条结构的致密程度.从而影响面条的品质.     

Influence of wheat flour substitution with potato pulp on dough rheology,microstructure and noodle quality

The effects of potato pulp (0–40%) on dough rheology and microstructures, as well as noodle quality, were investigated in this study. Substitution of wheat flour with potato pulp led to a decrease in β-sheet content, an increase in α-helix and unordered content for protein in dough, as well as a drop of the storage and loss modulus, which was mainly caused by the weakening of dough gluten strength. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the gluten–starch network could no longer to be observed for the formulated dough containing 30–40% potato pulp. Structural damage of dough induced the increases in optimal cooking time, cooking loss and adhesiveness, and a decrease in cohesiveness of cooked noodles. However, the samples with 20% potato pulp addition showed higher values in water absorption, hardness, springiness and chewiness, indicating that noodles with potato pulp content below 20% were acceptable.     

Comparison Study of Laboratory and Pilot Plant Methods for Asian Salted Noodle Processing

ABSTRACT: A small-scale (35 g flour) laboratory method for Asian salted noodle processing was developed. Six wheat varieties were selected to compare laboratory and pilot plant production methods and resultant noodle products. Raw noodle color and discoloration after 24-h storage, cooking loss, and noodle weight gain during cooking were measured. Cooked noodle hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were analyzed with a TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer. All these properties, except springiness, were highly correlated between laboratory and pilot plant products. Both methods were reproducible with high precision, and they were comparable to each other. When the quality of noodles from different wheat varieties was ranked, similar rankings were obtained for both processing methods; the laboratory method is suitable for evaluating wheat breeding lines for noodle quality.     

Batter rheology and bread texture of sorghum‐based gluten‐free formulations modified with native or pregelatinised cassava starch and α‐amylase

The influence of α‐amylase (0–0.3 U g^?1) on the crumb properties of gluten‐free sorghum batter and bread, respectively, was investigated. The formulations were modified using native or pregelatinised cassava starch (i.e. batter A – 17% pregelatinised starch, 83% sorghum, 100% water fwb; batter B – 17% native starch, 83% sorghum, 100% water fwb; and batter C – 30% native starch, 70% sorghum, 80% water fwb). The batters had solid viscoelastic character with the storage modulus predominant over the loss modulus. Storage moduli of batter A decreased with increasing angular frequency, whereas the moduli of batters B and C were independent from the angular frequency. Increasing enzyme concentration did not affect the loss factors of the batters. Batters’ resistance to deformation, from highest to lowest, followed the order C > A > B. Increasing enzyme concentration decreased crumb firmness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience and chewiness but increased adhesiveness. Overall, breads containing native starch had better crumb properties (i.e. springier and less firm, chewy and adhesive) than breads containing pregelatinised starch.     

Effect of Compositional Variation of Gluten Proteins and Rheological Characteristics of Wheat Flour on the Textural Quality of White Salted Noodles

Protein quality parameters of wheat flour, as well as protein content, showed significant relationship with hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and gumminess of the cooked noodles. A significant positive correlation (0.54) was observed between glutenins and hardness of noodles. Chewiness of the noodles increased with the protein content, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume, dough development time, dough stability, and glutenins. Hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of the noodles were negatively affected by gliadin to glutenin ratio. Multiple regression analysis depicted significant relationships of the various noodle quality parameters with wheat flour characteristics. The results revealed that the relative composition of the gliadins and glutenins had a considerable effect on the textural profile of noodles indicating their defining contribution on the noodle quality. The resulting information could be useful in predicting the noodle-quality potential of the varieties.     

豆腐渣在面条中的应用研究

豆腐渣是加工豆腐、豆浆等的副产物,含有36.2%的膳食纤维和17.8%的蛋白质,用豆腐渣粉替代部分小麦粉能够提高面条的营养价值。研究了豆腐渣粉、谷朊粉、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、魔芋粉、氯化钠添加量对面条品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验确定了豆渣面条的最佳配方为:小麦粉75%、豆腐渣粉25%、谷朊粉3%、CMC0.4%、魔芋粉0.2%、氯化钠1%。按此配方制作的面条在感官品质、烹煮损失、吸水率等方面接近普通面条,为豆腐渣的合理利用提供了一条有效途径。     

豌豆粉在挂面生产中应用研究

通过复因素试验对豌豆粉在挂面生产中应用进行研究,结果表明:添加不同量豌豆粉和增筋剂对挂面品质均有明显影响;小麦粉、豌豆粉和增筋剂按100:4:0.4比例进行混合,可制得质量较好且营养价值高的营养型豌豆挂面。     

质构仪测定小麦面筋的硬度与弹性

选取我国9个省份的30个小麦品种作为样品,利用质构仪测定小麦粉湿面筋质的硬度和弹性。结果显示：采用质构仪测得的面筋硬度与饺子皮质构指标TPA模式下的硬度（Hardness）、咀嚼性（Chewiness）在0.05水平上显著相关,与面筋指数、面团稳定时间、比延伸性、溶胀体积、透光率、硬度（Firmness）、强韧性(Toughness)均在0.01的水平上显著相关;面筋弹性仅与面筋指数和面筋比延伸性在0.01水平上显著相关,与溶胀体积、强韧性(Toughness)在0.05的水平上显著相关,上述结果表明采用质构仪测定面筋硬度作为小麦面筋强度的评价指标和饺子皮质构品质的预测指标具有一定的可行性。     

Pomegranate seed powder as a functional component of gluten‐free bread (Physical,sensorial and antioxidant evaluation)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of pomegranate seed powder (PSP) on physical, sensorial and antioxidant properties of gluten‐free bread. The PSP was incorporated at different levels (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10%) into formula of gluten‐free bread. Control gluten‐free bread made without any addition of PSP was used for comparison. The results showed that the specific volume and springiness of gluten‐free breads increased, whereas hardness and chewiness decreased significantly with increasing PSP addition. The addition of PSP into gluten‐free bread decreased the lightness and yellowness of crumb and crust colour, while redness increased. Total phenolics content (TPC) increased from 46% to 181% with PSP addition (2.5%–10%). Moreover, antioxidant activity was significantly higher for bread with PSP. For bread with the highest percentage of PSP, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained. For sensorial and antioxidant activity, the optimum level of PSP addition was found to be 7.5%.     

谷蛋白溶涨指数与面制食品质量控制

选用27个中国小麦样品，研究了谷蛋白溶涨指数对于评价中国白盐面条品质评价的适用性。谷蛋白溶涨指数与面带长度呈极显著负相关，与面带厚度呈极显著正相关。谷蛋白溶涨指数各时间(0min，5min，20min)与面条最佳煮面时间、鲜面条最大拉伸阻力、拉伸能量、拉伸长度均呈极显著正相关(除SIGO与最佳煮面时间呈显著正相关)；谷蛋白溶涨指数与可溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量、面筋指数及蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关；谷蛋白溶涨指数与煮后面条表面韧性呈显著或极显著负相关，与剪切韧性呈显著正相关。谷蛋白溶涨指数可以作为一种品质指标控制面制食品的质量。     

Effect of Modified Wheat Gluten on Boiling Resistance Capacity of Pork Meatballs

The effect of the modified wheat gluten (MWG) extender, prepared by alcalase‐based hydrolysis and transglutaminase cross‐linking, on meatballs was analyzed in this study. Here, we studied the effect of MWG addition on the boiling resistance capacity of pork meatballs (MB‐MWG) at high temperature (100 °C) and increasing cooking time; meatballs with added soy protein isolates (MB‐SPI) and raw wheat gluten (MB‐WG) were used as references. The cooking loss, water‐holding capacity (WHC), and textural properties of meatballs were investigated. The results revealed that MB‐MWG showed lower cooking loss, which decreased by 49.16% compared to meatballs without added extenders when treated for 30 min. The WHC of MB‐MWG significantly increased from 80.68% to 95.42%. The hardness, springiness, and chewiness (textural properties) of MB‐MWG were also significantly increased by 97.05%, 6.68%, and 121.96%, respectively. The addition of MWG increased the cross‐linking in meatballs during the cooking process, as indicated by the higher G′. SDS‐PAGE indicated an obvious decrease in myosin heavy chain in MB‐MWG cooked for 30 min at 100 °C, which was attributed to the interaction of myofibrillar proteins in pork meat with MWG. The nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ relaxation time patterns indicated that MWG addition caused an increase in the bound water content, and decrease in the free water content, of meatballs. An analysis of the microstructures revealed that the MB‐MWG formed the most regular and compact network. Therefore, MWG could be used as an ingredient to facilitate the processing of meat products.     

SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE ANALYSIS OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA, CRANTZ) ROOTS

Two cassava varieties, at three harvesting ages, 6, 12 and 24 months, were analyzed for sensory flavor and texture development. Maximum shear force, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) and water absorption during cooking were determined at various sampling times. Changes during cooking were described by pseudo‐zero order models for water absorption, flavor and texture development for the fast cooking samples. The 24‐month‐old roots had higher variability and never reached optimum texture or flavor development. Significant pseudo first order models could represent hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of the TPA, while springiness and adhesiveness varied in a non‐linear fashion. Maximum shear force was 111 N for raw samples and 8.1 N for samples that cooked in less than 25 min. Samples that required longer cook time had on the average a maximum shear force of 19 N.     

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CORN NOODLES CONTAINING GELATINIZED STARCH, TRANSGLUTAMINASE AND GUM

ABSTRACT

Effects of gelatinized corn flour addition level (40, 60 and 80%), gum (locust bean gum or xanthan gum, 3%) and/or transglutaminase (TG, 0.5%) on quality characteristics of corn noodle were investigated. Gelatinized corn flour was used as a binder for remaining untreated corn flour (60, 40 and 20%). Corn noodles were evaluated in terms of cooking properties (cooking loss, total organic matter (TOM), water absorption, swelling volume and maximum force), color, sensory and pasting properties. Noodle sample containing gelatinized corn flour at level of 80% exhibited best cooking and sensory properties. Gum and/or TG were added to this noodle formula. Gum improved noodle quality in terms of some cooking properties. Improving effect of xanthan gum was more obvious. Covalent crosslinks catalyzed by TG caused significantly lower cooking loss and TOM values. Gums generally caused increases in Rapid ViscoAnalyzer viscosity values of noodles. Gum and/or TG show great promise in processing of gluten‐free corn noodle.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Celiac disease occurs in about one in 300 people in Europe. Lack of gluten in cereals that are safe for gluten‐free food causes major problems in dough processing and product quality. Technological difficulties in production and lack of awareness of number of celiac patients in need of gluten‐free products might restrict researches related to gluten‐free food. In recent years, various approaches to overcome the technological problems are arising. Searching for ingredients that have ability to mimic properties of gluten in production of gluten‐free food is the most common approach. We report herein beneficial effects of gelatinization, gum (locust bean gum, xanthan gum) and/or transglutaminase (TG) in gluten‐free corn noodle production. They have major improving effects in noodle quality and show great promise as a processing aid in bulk manufacture of gluten‐free corn noodle. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating utilization of TG in gluten‐free corn noodles.     

The textural properties of soy paneer

Toned dairy milk and soy milk were mixed in different proportions and coagulated at various temperatures to produce paneer blends, and their textural properties were evaluated. As the soy milk proportion in the blend increased from 0% to 50%, hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of the samples decreased initially, but further increase in the blend from 50% to 100% cause these values to increase slightly. The proportion of soymilk in the prepared paneer had a significant effect on hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness and yield, whereas the coagulation temperature affected cohesiveness and yield. The process parameters did not show any effect on the springiness.     

Influence of amylose content on cooking time and textural properties of white salted noodles

White salted noodles were prepared from reconstituted flours of various amylose content to determine the effects of amylose content on noodle dough properties and texture of noodles cooked for optimum cooking time. With decrease of amylose content from 26.5 to 3. 0%, optimum water absorption of noodle dough increased from 39 to 49% and cooking time of noodles decreased from 16 to 7 min. Hardness of cooked noodles prepared from reconstituted flour consistently decreased with increase in proportion of waxy starch. Noodles less than 12.4% amylose content exhibited higher springiness and cohesiveness than noodles greater than 17.1% amylose content. Cohesiveness and springiness of noodles prepared with partial waxy starches, of which amylose content ranged from 16. 6 to 22. 7%, were comparable to those of noodles prepared from <12. 4% amylose content. Amylose content of starch was significantly correlated with hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of cooked noodles prepared from reconstituted flours.     

添加赖氨酸的猪肉脯在不同干燥温度下的质构稳定性

为改善猪肉脯在不同热风干燥温度下的质构稳定性,研究在干燥温度55～75℃条件下添加0.25%～0.75%赖氨酸对猪肉脯质构稳定性的影响。结果表明：添加0.50%赖氨酸可显著降低高温（70～75℃）干燥下猪肉脯的硬度和内聚性（P<0.05）,显著提高其弹性（P<0.05）,减小猪肉脯硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性在干燥温度55～75℃条件下的极差值,并可在（60±5）℃和（65±5）℃变化范围内将猪肉脯咀嚼性的极差值控制在1.4%以内;赖氨酸可能通过提高并稳定猪肉脯体系pH值、改善微观结构、提高肉蛋白及其二级结构的热稳定性、增强内部氢键作用力和水分流动性、阻滞肌球蛋白热降解等作用,提升猪肉脯在不同干燥温度下的质构稳定性。     

Modification of gluten-free sorghum batter and bread using maize, potato, cassava or rice starch

Gluten-free sorghum bread was made from cassava, maize, potato or rice starch and sorghum in the ratios 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50. The other baking ingredients, on flour-weight-basis, were water (100%), sugar (6.7%), egg white powder (6%), fat (2%), salt (1.7%) and yeast (1.5%). Increasing starch content changed the batters’ consistencies from soft doughs to thin pourable batters. Increasing starch content decreased crumb firmness and chewiness, and increased cohesiveness, springiness and resilience of all breads. Cassava-sorghum and rice-sorghum breads had better crumb properties than maize-sorghum or potato-sorghum breads. Although the crumb properties of all breads declined (i.e. firmness and chewiness increased; cohesiveness, resilience and springiness decreased) on storage, the formulation containing 50% cassava starch retained the best overall texture.     

海藻酸钠对燕麦面团微观结构及其面条品质影响

研究海藻酸钠对燕麦面团微观结构、面条质构、面条感官评价影响;结果表明,海藻酸钠对燕麦面条品质影响是通过加大面筋网络与淀粉颗粒结合,提高面条结构致密程度,从而影响面条品质。