Effects of gelatinisation level, gum and transglutaminase on the quality characteristics of rice noodle

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of gelatinisation level, gum (locust bean gum, xanthan gum, 3%) and/or transglutaminase (TG, 0.5%) on quality characteristics of rice noodle. In order to improve the dough forming ability, rice flour was gelatinised at levels of 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Noodle samples were evaluated in terms of cooking loss, total organic matter (TOM), water absorption, swelling volume, maximum force, colour, sensory properties, pasting properties. Noodle sample with a gelatinisation level of 25% had better cooking and sensory properties. Gum and/or TG were added to this noodle formula. The noodle samples including xanthan gum had better cooking and sensory properties. TG caused a significant decrease in TOM. The samples including locust bean gum had significantly higher maximum force values. Xanthan gum caused decreases in some Rapid ViscoAnalyzer viscosity values of the noodle samples, while locust bean gum caused increases.     

不同多糖对发酵空心挂面品质的影响

酵母发酵空心挂面是一种新型的工业化挂面产品,具有营养丰富、风味独特等特点,但尚存在干挂面韧性差和易断条、熟面条弹性不足等问题亟待解决。该文研究了瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋粉5种常用多糖对发酵空心挂面微观结构、力学性质、蒸煮特性、质构品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,单独添加0.1%瓜尔胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠和魔芋粉时,挂面的蒸煮损失率从6.5%分别降低到5.8%、5.7%、5.3%和5.9%;添加0.5%黄原胶时,干挂面的面体更加致密,面条的最佳蒸煮时间增长了1.25 min,蒸煮损失减少了0.41%,干挂面的抗断裂强度和柔韧性、熟挂面的弹性、咀嚼性和拉断力分别提高了31.06%、49.79%、24.87%、61.62%和77.73%,此添加量下的面条的食用品质最佳,感官评价得分89分。5种多糖均显著改善了发酵空心挂面的柔韧性,及煮后挂面的弹性、咀嚼性和拉伸特性,其中黄原胶对发酵空心挂面的微观结构、力学性质、蒸煮特性、质构品质和感官品质改良效果较好。     

基于变异系数法分析四种改良剂对马铃薯面条品质的影响

通过单因素实验研究不同改良剂对马铃薯面条质构特性、拉伸特性与蒸煮特性的影响,利用变异系数法分析得到不同改良剂作用下各个指标所占重要性大小,并经过各指标的标准化值与权重的相关计算,得到4种改良剂对马铃薯面条品质影响的大小。结果表明:不同指标对马铃薯面条品质影响大小依次为:断条率（0.048） > 拉伸力（0.205） > 弹性（0.086） > 干物质损失率（0.065） > 黏聚性（0.048） > 拉伸距离（0.036） > 干物质吸水率（0.031） > 回复性（0.027） > 硬度（0.020）。不同改良剂对面条品质影响大小依次为:黄原胶（1.5467） > 谷朊粉（1.4304） > TG酶（1.3878） > 食盐（0.9818）。通过电镜观察,30%马铃薯粉面条添加改良剂食盐1.5%、黄原胶0.6%、TG酶0.6 U/g、谷朊粉8%,在此条件下制得的马铃薯面条微观结构得明显改善。变异系数法不仅可用于马铃薯面条品质改良研究,也可成为食品领域产品开发研究中指标选择的较好方法。     

乳清浓缩蛋白对面条黏性的影响

本实验在面粉中添加不同比例的乳清浓缩蛋白(Whey protein concentrate,WPC),并分析其对面条品质及粘性的影响,以达到增加营养价值及改善面条品质的作用。试验结果表明：WPC的添加可以明显改善面条的粘结现象,并降低其表面粘性,但较高的添加量则会降低面粉的面筋质量和湿面筋含量,并使干物质损失率和干物质吸水率升高;微观结构和TOM值的结果表明,WPC的添加使面条蛋白网络孔隙变大,减少了面条表面滞留或附着的淀粉,这可能是WPC改善面条粘结现象的原因。     

Utilization of rice starch with gums in Asian starch noodle preparation as substitute for sweet potato starch

Starch noodles were produced using a medium grain rice starch in the presence of various gums, and physical properties of the noodles were compared with sweet potato starch noodle. Pasting viscosity of the rice starch was lower than that of sweet potato starch (830 vs. 1,618 cp as peak viscosity). The peak viscosity, however, was increased by the addition of gums (0.1% based on dispersion), and especially xanthan was the most effective in increasing the peak viscosity (1,478 cp). The cooking loss for the rice starch noodles (1.5 mg/mL), greater than that for the sweet potato starch noodle (0.2 mg/mL), was effectively reduced to 0.8 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively, by the addition of locust bean gum (LBG) and curdlan. The addition of LBG or gellen gum also increased the hardness of the rice noodles. Aging (extended retrogradation) the noodles was effective in reducing the cooking loss and improving the textural properties of the rice starch noodles. The combination of the gum addition (like LBG) and aging of the rice starch noodle might be useful for utilizing rice starch as a substitute for sweet potato starch in Asian noodle preparation.     

Controlling rheology and structure of sweet potato starch noodles with high broccoli powder content by hydrocolloids

Incorporating high volume fractions of broccoli powder in starch noodle dough has a major effect on its shear modulus, as a result of significant swelling of the broccoli particles. Several hydrocolloids with distinct water binding capacity (locust bean gum (LBG), guar gum, konjac glucomannan (KG), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum), were added to systems with 4 and 20% (v/v dry based) broccoli particles, and the effect of this addition on dough rheology, mechanical properties and structure of cooked noodles was investigated. Hydrocolloids with low (LBG and guar gum) and intermediate (KG) water binding capacity had no significant effect on shear rheology of the dough. Adding hydrocolloids with high water binding capacity (HPMC and xanthan gum) decreased the shear modulus of dough with 20% broccoli particles significantly. CLSM analysis of cooked noodles showed that in samples containing xanthan gum there was also an inhibition of swelling of starch granules. Strength and stiffness of cooked noodles with 20% broccoli particles were higher for samples containing xanthan gum, than samples without xanthan gum. The cooking loss and swelling index of samples with added hydrocolloids were slightly lower than samples without hydrocolloids. Our results showed that hydrocolloids with high water binding capacity can be used to control the degree of swelling of vegetable particles and starch granules in starch noodle products, and thereby control both dough rheology and textural properties of the cooked noodles.     

Effect of Ingredients on the Quality of Gluten‐Free Sorghum Pasta

Sorghum is an underutilized cereal in human food production, despite its flour being a potential gluten‐free (GF) source in the development of several foods. Thus, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects and interactions of different ingredients on cooking quality and texture of GF pasta. Egg albumen (A), egg powder (E), xanthan gum (X), and pregelatinized corn starch (P) were used as ingredients, and Box‐Behnken experimental design was applied to study the effects of these ingredients on pasta cooking behavior, color, and texture attributes. Responses were fitted to a second order polynomial equation, and multivariable optimization was performed using maximization of general desirability. Next, optimal formulations were validated, compared with two commercial gluten‐free pastas by sensory evaluation, and finally, an industrial assay was carried out. Regression coefficients indicated that A and P improved cooking properties while A and E contributed the most to improving the pasta textural properties. As, X and P effects varied depending on the kind of sorghum flour used, the optimal formulations levels were different, but in both cases these models were satisfactory and capable of predicting responses. The industrial assay was carried out with white sorghum flour because it showed a higher acceptability in the sensory evaluation than brown sorghum flour pasta. This industrially made pasta resulted in slightly better cooking properties than the laboratory produced one, with the formulation adapting well to the conventional wheat pasta industrial process. Gluten‐free sorghum pasta was produced, showing good cooking and textural properties and being a suitable option for gluten‐sensitive individuals.     

木薯全粉面条配方的优化

以华南9号木薯全粉替代小麦面粉为原料,辅以谷朊粉、黄原胶、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯等改良剂制备木薯全粉面条,通过单因素和正交实验优化木薯全粉面条配方,考察指标包括感官评价、断条率及蒸煮损失率。确定木薯全粉面条的最佳配方为:谷朊粉用量6%(g/100 g木薯全粉),黄原胶用量1.5%,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯用量9%,食盐用量1%,热水(95±2) ℃用量为56%(g/100 g总原料粉)。用最佳配方制作面条,氢氰酸未检出,食用安全;熟断条率为0%,蒸煮损失率为7.8%,均符合挂面行业标准(LS/T 3212-2014)指标要求,表明使用木薯全粉制作面条技术是可行的。     

马铃薯全粉对面条品质影响的主成分分析研究

为了探讨马铃薯全粉对面条品质的影响,通过测定添加不同比例马铃薯全粉的面筋特性、蒸煮特性、质构特性和感官评价,并结合主成分分析进行综合评价。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,面条色泽呈暗红趋势变化,其面筋含量逐渐降低;面条的蒸煮特性、质构特性及感官品质呈现先增加后降低的趋势,说明适量添加马铃薯全粉可以在一定程度上提高面条的食用品质。应用主成分分析法对不同马铃薯全粉添加量的面条进行研究,确定了反映面条品质的3个主成分因子,3个主成分的累积贡献率达到88.35%。为进一步开发高含量马铃薯全粉面条提供数据支撑。     

小米莲子面条中添加剂复配的研究

以小米粉、莲子粉和小麦粉为原料,研究不同添加量的谷朊粉、瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶以及不同加水量对莲子小米面条质构的影响。通过L9（34）正交试验、TPA全质构分析和感官评定,得出最优配方为：混合粉100 g,加水量为40 g,食盐2 g,食碱0.2 g,谷朊粉5 g,瓜尔豆胶0.1 g,黄原胶0.3 g。     

The use of selected hydrocolloids to enhance cooking quality and hardness of zero‐salt noodles

The effects of table salt (TS) and hydrocolloids on water‐holding capacity, optimum cooking time, cooking qualities, pH and textural properties of noodles were investigated. TS, xanthan gum (XG), carrageenan (CRG), Arabic gum (AG) and locust bean gum (LBG) were added at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of flour weight. XG, CRG and LBG contributed to significantly (P < 0.05) higher water‐holding capacity of dough and firmer texture, but significantly (P < 0.05) lower cooking loss than zero‐salt noodles (ZSNs) and white‐salted noodles (WSNs). Hydrocolloids contributed in shorter optimum cooking time than ZSNs. Springiness of noodles was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by increment of TS and hydrocolloids. TS1.5, ZSN‐XG1.5, ZSN‐XG2.0 and ZSN‐CRG1.5 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher cooking yield than ZSNs. The increment of TS and hydrocolloids had significantly (P < 0.05) increased the pH values of noodles. ZSN‐XG2.0, ZSN‐CRG1.5 and ZSN‐LBG1.5 may be useful to enhance ZSNs due to the better noodles qualities than ZSNs.     

黄原胶对面条品质的影响

研究了黄原胶对面粉面筋形成、面团流变学、淀粉膨胀势、面粉糊化特性以及面条蒸煮特性、面条质构特性、面条感官评价的影响,以及黄原胶对它们的影响的相关性,结果表明黄原胶对面筋的形成先强化后弱化,对粉质特性有较明显的提高,但是降低了面团的拉伸特性,减少了面条的吸水率、干物质损失和蛋白质损失,改善了面条的质?适 构特性.相关性分析表明.面团的粉质特性和面条特性有较好的相关性.膨胀势与面条的弹性有较好的相关性.黄原胶对面条品质的影响应该是黄原胶加大了面筋网络与淀粉颗粒的结合.提高了面条结构的致密程度.从而影响面条的品质.     

添加灰树花粉面团的酶法改性及面条品质评价

为了改善灰树花粉对面条品质的负面影响，通过外源添加葡萄糖氧化酶和转谷氨酰胺酶，分析熟化后面片的色泽和质构特性，确定最佳酶法改性工艺，并对产品进行营养与风味评价。结果表明，2 种酶的添加都可以显著改善灰树花面条品质，其中转谷氨酰胺酶法改良效果最好。当转谷氨酰胺酶添加量为0.9%时，与未添加酶的普通灰树花面条相比，其最大剪切力提高了108.77%，硬度、黏聚性、胶着度、咀嚼度和回复性达到最高值，蒸煮过程中断条率为0%。在此基础上，对比分析转谷氨酰胺酶改性灰树花面条与市售香菇面条和普通面条的品质特性，结果证明灰树花面条的粗蛋白、游离脂肪、总膳食纤维质量分数分别为13.86%、0.47%、7.53%，显著高于对照组面条。同时，灰树花面条中钾、锌和必需氨基酸含量得到显著提升。电子鼻和电子舌对灰树花面条的风味可以进行很好地响应与区分，与市售普通面条和香菇面条存在显著差异。综上所述，转谷氨酰胺酶可以有效改良灰树花面条的色泽、质构和蒸煮特性，灰树花粉的添加可弥补传统面条在营养、风味与保健功能上的缺陷。本研究为食用菌功能性主粮食品开发提供理论参考。     

粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响

为研究粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响,在不同粒径的小麦面粉中分别添加0%、5%和10%的面筋蛋白制作中式面条,烘干研磨后分离出大颗粒与小颗粒面条,研究面条样品的形貌特征、结构特性热力学特性和淀粉体外消化特性。结果表明,随着面条中面筋蛋白含量增加,面条表面的平滑度增强,糊化温度升高而焓值降低,且蒸煮后面条中形成的面筋网络面积增加。体外消化动力学结果显示随着面粉粒径的减小或面筋蛋白含量的增大,淀粉消化程度降低。     

Cooking quality and sensorial properties of noodle supplemented with oat flour

Effects of oat flour addition (10, 20, 30, and 40%) on the quality characteristics of noodle were investigated. Noodles were evaluated in terms of cooking quality, color, chemical, and sensory properties. As oat flour level increased, protein, crude fat, ash, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Mg contents of noodles increased. Oat flour caused increases in cooking loss of noodles. Sensory and cooking characteristics of noodles were negatively effected when oat flour level was increased compared with the control. Noodle with 10% oat flour received the highest sensory scores in all noodle samples containing oat flour. Overall acceptability scores of control and in only the noodle with 10% oat flour were found statistically (p<0.05) similar. Especially, the usage of 10% oat flour in noodle formulation gave satisfactory results in terms of acceptability.     

三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的物性及品质的影响

将马铃薯全粉与面粉按不同比例配成混合粉以制作面条,并用马铃薯复合变性淀粉提升面条的品质;通过对不同比例混合粉糊化特性,面条断条率、烹调损耗、物性、烹调特性和感官评定的研究,得出制作面条的最优马铃薯全粉:面粉质量比和预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的添加量。结果表明,最优的质量比为20:80 (w/w);添加马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的弹性、黏着性等都有显著影响(p<0.05);在烹调实验中,随着预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的增加,吸水率升高,当三者的添加量分别为5%、4%、5%时,浊度最低;感官评定实验中,当添加5%预糊化交联淀粉、4%氧化交联淀粉、6%酯化交联淀粉时,马铃薯面条的各指标评分之和最高,且分别为:31.2、33.1、34.6。从质构,烹调特性,感官特性等方面综合对比三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的影响,得出6%酯化交联淀粉最适宜。     

不同大豆蛋白对小麦面条加工品质和血糖生成指数的影响

为改善小麦面条品质,在小麦粉中添加大豆蛋白(全脂豆粉、脱脂豆粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白),以拉伸特性、蒸煮特性、微观结构以及血糖生成指数为评价指标,研究大豆蛋白添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)对面条加工品质及血糖生成指数的影响。结果表明:随蛋白添加量的增加,脱脂豆粉、全脂豆粉的增加使面条的拉断力呈明显上升趋势,拉伸距离呈先上升后下降趋势,大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白添加量的增加使拉断力呈先上升后下降趋势,拉伸距离呈下降趋势,而大豆组织蛋白的增加使面条拉伸性能均逐渐降低;当大豆蛋白添加量为10%时,混合粉面条拉伸特性较优;五种大豆蛋白的添加均使面条的烹煮损失率及断条率上升,全脂豆粉的增加使面条的吸水率、膨胀率逐渐下降,其余四种均使其上升;微观结构表明,脱脂豆粉和全脂豆粉的添加使混合粉面条的面筋网络结构更加连续均匀,而其余三种大豆蛋白添加量的增加造成混合粉面条微观结构的劣变;利用体外复合酶方法测定GI值,血糖生成指数依次为:小麦粉 > 脱脂豆粉 > 全脂豆粉 > 大豆组织蛋白 > 大豆浓缩蛋白 > 大豆分离蛋白。     

马铃薯全粉在面条中的应用研究

将马铃薯全粉添加到小麦粉中,并辅助添加谷朊粉,制成马铃薯全粉面条。从质构特性、微观结构和面条的理化性质三个层面对三个不同马铃薯全粉添加比例的面条组别进行研究,发现马铃薯全粉对面团的力学性质,面筋网络的形成和构造以及面条的蒸煮参数和外观都会产生一定的影响。结果表明：马铃薯全粉添加量为20%（g/g）,谷朊粉添加为0.03%（g/g）时,总体指标最好;马铃薯全粉对面团的作用具有双向性,马铃薯淀粉对面团的影响偏负向,但是其中的多糖和蛋白质可能对面团和面筋网络有正向影响,同时谷朊粉的添加对面团的稳定性和面条的质量有改善作用。     

谷朊粉对马铃薯热干面品质的影响

为提高马铃薯热干面的品质和稳定性,该文在分析谷朊粉基本成分与物化特性的基础上,深入研究了谷朊粉添加量对混合粉特性及对生鲜及熟制马铃薯热干面蒸煮、质构、贮藏等品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着混合粉中谷朊粉含量升高,其持水性下降,吸水膨胀性上升。随着谷朊粉添加量的增加,马铃薯热干面吸水性呈下降趋势、蒸煮损失率呈先上升后下降变化趋势;生鲜湿面和熟面剪切性、拉伸特性均呈先下降后上升变化趋势,且谷朊粉添加量相同时,生鲜湿面剪切性和拉伸特性均高于熟面。谷朊粉最适宜添加量为10%~15%(质量分数),此时马铃薯热干面的剪切力最小,拉伸力和黏度适中,具有较好质构特性。马铃薯热干面熟制后贮存,可提升其品质稳定性。     

几种添加物对全麦湿面蒸煮品质和感官品质的影响

以麦麸、小麦胚芽和小麦粉为原料制作全麦面条,比较不同食品添加剂(食盐、谷朊粉、黄原胶)对全麦湿面品质的改良效果,并考察不同添加剂之间的复配效果。结果表明:食盐、谷朊粉和黄原胶均可以改善面条的蒸煮品质并提高全麦面条的感官评分,其中食盐的最适添加比例为1%~2%,谷朊粉的最适添加比例为1.5%~2.5%,黄原胶的最适添加比例为0.15%~0.2%,两种或者三种添加剂经过复配后面条的品质要明显好于单独添加一种添加剂,其中黄原胶和食盐的复配对降低面条的蒸煮损失率效果最明显,三种添加剂复配之后感官评分最高。