Aroma composition and sensory quality of fruit juices processed from cultivars of elderberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sambucus nigra</Emphasis> L.)

The experiment included identification and quantification of 25 aroma compounds and determination of the sensory quality of fruit juices processed from 32 cultivars of black elder using enzymation. It was concluded that disappearance of 15 esters and the increases of four alcohols, six terpenoids, six carbonyls, six aldehydes, three ketones, eight alcohols, trans-rose oxide, nerol oxide, and dihydroedulan primarily might be due to enzymatic conversion of esters of fatty acids and enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosides as found by processing of juices from other fruits. Juices processed from the elderberry cultivars significantly differed with respect to aroma compound composition and sensory characteristics. Factor analysis of the combined data from measurement of aroma composition and sensory evaluation resulted in extraction of four factors with factor scores that could be used for selection of cultivars with different promising sensory properties and varying concentrations of phenolic acids and flavonoids that may be useful for processing of functional elderberry juices with health promoting properties.     

Composition of Apricot Aroma: Correlations between Sensory and Instrumental Data

Volatile compounds of six apricot cultivars were isolated by vacuum distillation and separated by gas-chromatography. Eleven aromatic compounds were selected by sniffing and quantified after addition of known amounts of pure compounds. Sensory analyses were performed to rate the typicality of apricot aroma in these cultivars. Since the chemical extracts were not assessed significantly different from the raw product, statistical analyses were performed to correlate the typical sensory notes with the instrumental data. A correspondence analysis showed that cultivars could be separated into three clusters, according to their typical aroma. Hexyl acetate, γ-octalactone and γ-decalactone were shown to be key compounds for the apricot flavor whereas benzaldehyde could have a negative impact on the aroma of the less aromatic cultivars but would favorably complete the typical aroma of “Rouge du Roussillon.”     

Relationship between sensory quality and volatile compounds of elderflower (Sambucus nigra L.) extracts

Elderflower samples (Sambucus nigra L.) of 89 different genotypes were picked at optimum flowering time in Austria, England and Denmark and extracted with an aqueous solution containing sucrose, citric acid, ascorbic acid, and sodium benzoate, and investigated for the emission of volatile compounds. Volatile compounds emitted from elderflower extracts were collected by dynamic headspace technique (purge and trap) and analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. A total of 59 volatile compounds were identified and quantified, and significant differences among the investigated elderflower extracts were observed for 58 compounds. Diluted elderflower extracts was evaluated by sensory panels trained in determination of elderflower flavour and the results from the sensory evaluation was correlated to the content of volatile compounds in the extracts using classical factor analysis including determination of eigenvalues, factor loadings and factor scores. Four principal components (PC1–PC4), which included 28 volatile compounds and sensory quality, were extracted from the factor analysis. The four PCs explained, altogether 73.7% of the data variation [PC1 (38.5%), PC2 (19.7%), PC3 (8.1%) and PC4 (7.4%)]. Important contributors to the floral and elderflower flavour of the extracts were rose oxides, hotrienol, linalool, linalool derivatives and α-terpineol, whereas the fruitiness and freshness of the extracts were mainly due to non-oxidized monoterpenes, aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols. Possibilities for selection of cultivars with specific flavours are discussed.     

基于GC-MS法的椰子水及其饮料的风味成分分析

为了对不同成熟度椰子(椰青、嫩椰子、成熟椰子)的椰汁及椰子水饮料中挥发性风味物质组分和含量进行分析,采用蒸馏萃取装置提取样品中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析技术进行分离鉴定。结果表明,共检测出67种香气成分,分为7大类化合物,包括酯类32种,有机酸11种,醇类7种,醛类3种,酮类3种,酚类4种,其他类7种。在检出的香气物质中,确定主体风味组分主要是醇类、酯类和酸类3类物质,相同的挥发性成分是2,3-丁二醇。不同样品中,这些微量香气成分的种类含量有较大差别,成熟椰子原汁中风味物质的种类和含量较多。因此,椰子水原汁的挥发性成分直接影响椰子水饮料的感官质量。本试验研究为椰子水及其饮料感官品质的深入研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻技术对干枣及其不同提取物挥发性成分分析

为探究干枣及其不同提取物的香气品质差异,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用结合电子鼻技术对干枣及其加热回流和微波辅助热回流提取获得的浸膏和净油的挥发性成分进行研究。结果表明：干枣及其提取物共检测出96 种挥发性成分,主要香气成分为酸类、酯类、醛类和酮类;加热回流提取方式下,酸类挥发性成分的相对含量最高,浸膏和净油中分别为44.433%和39.304%,并且酮类挥发性成分含量显著高于其余几个样品（P＜0.05）;微波辅助热回流提取方式下,酯类挥发性成分的相对含量最高,浸膏和净油中分别为52.196%和45.863%。GC-MS和电子鼻分析结果显示,由浸膏提取得到的2 种净油具有相似的香气特征,载荷分析表明,W1S、W1W、W2S和W2W为干枣及其不同提取物香气成分的主要识别传感器。总而言之,HS-SPME-GC-MS结合电子鼻技术可以较好地用于分析干枣及其不同提取物的香气品质。     

EFFECT OF COOKING METHOD ON THE AROMA CONSTITUENTS OF SWEET POTATOES [IPOMOEA BATATAS (L.) LAM.]

To better understand the factors controlling the flavor of horticultural products, the effect of method of cooking on the volatile flavor of sweet potatoes was assessed. Volatile extracts from sweet potatoes cooked by baking, boiling, and microwaving were studied by GC, GC‐MS and GC olfactory assessment. GC‐olfactory analysis identified 37 compounds that were odor‐active, 36 of which were identified. Compared with conventional baking, boiling and microwaving yielded only 54.26% and 6.43% of the relative total yield of aroma‐active compounds, respectively. From aroma extract dilution analysis, four compounds contributed to the aroma from each cooking method. In addition, cooking method specific aroma contributing compounds accounted for the unique aroma of each of the cooked products. Thus the flavor of cooked sweet potatoes is dependent upon the method of cooking both on a sensory and chemical level.     

Diversity of the sensory characteristics of traditional dry sausages from the centre of France: Relation with regional manufacturing practice

Quality labelling of traditional products may be based on identifying specific sensory properties and linking these to particular compositional characteristics or manufacturing practices. Methodology to do this in the presence of large sensory variation is required. In order to study the sensory diversity of traditional dry sausages, a typology was performed on the small scale food processing facilities in the centre of France and this identified six types of small-scale facilities with specific manufacturing practice. From these six groups, 15 small-scale facilities were chosen in order to perform a QDA^® test on dry sausages with a panel of 11 trained assessors who used 24 attributes related to appearance, texture, aroma and flavour. The list of attributes used by the panel was composed of terms such as marinade aroma, roast aroma, wine flavour and roast flavour which may be specific to traditional dry sausages. The major variation among the products was related to the type of the raw material used and to the texture of the dry sausages linked to the drying time. Hierarchical cluster analysis on the sensory data led to six groups of traditional dry sausages. These sensory groups did not exactly correspond to the groups given by the typology. However, a high correlation was found by canonical correlation analysis between the typology data and the sensory data on the first factors. Moreover, the discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to classify 100% of the traditional dry sausages into specific manufacturing practice groups based on the sensory data. The methodology used in this study is well adapted for the attribution of quality labels to products manufactured by a group of producers on a defined territory.     

Volatile Content and Sensory Attributes of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracts of Cooked Chicken Fat

Volatile and sensory profiles were generated for extracts of cooked chicken fat obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide at 10.3 MPa, 20.7 MPa, and 31.O MPa at 40°C. Volatiles (318 total) were quantitated and 77 were identified. Concentrations of total volatiles, 7 compound classes, and 63 individual compounds were affected by treatments, generally increasing with decreasing extraction pressure. All extracts had higher concentrations than unextracted control. Total volatiles were concentrated 12-fold. Six sensory notes differed by treatment. Chicken fat aroma and flavor intensities were greater for all extracts than control and increased as pressure decreased. Total volatiles, 5 classes, and 42 individual compounds correlated with chicken fat aroma and/or flavor.     

陈香六堡茶品质特征及香气质量评价方法建立

为探究陈香型六堡茶品质特点,对典型样本进行品质成分分析,采用顶空-固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）结合GC-MS分析香气成分,对26种共有芳香物质进行主成分分析,以不同主成分特征值的方差贡献率为加权系数,结合主成分线性回归方程构建陈香六堡茶的香气质量综合评价函数,并利用所建函数计算样本得分排序进行香气质量评价。结果表明:陈香型六堡茶主要品质成分特征为:茶多酚含量13.05%±2.14%,氨基酸含量1.80%±0.13%,咖啡碱含量4.44%±0.36%,水浸出物含量38.00%±2.81%;"陈香"的主要特征性芳香物质为α-雪松醇、β-芳樟醇、二氢猕猴桃内酯、α-萜品醇和β-紫罗酮;对比感官与函数F=52.962F1+20.825F2+15.348F3+7.592F4的评价结果,两种方法对香气的评价结果基本一致,说明利用该综合评价函数来进行六堡茶香气的质量评价是可行的。     

四川引进茶树品种的红茶适制性及制茶品质初探

以四川茶区主栽并主产红茶的品种福鼎大白茶为对照,研究从浙江引进四川茶区的国家级茶树良种中茶302、浙农117的红茶适制性和制茶品质。结果表明：中茶302、浙农117的春、夏梢鲜叶的水浸出物含量范围为37.19%～42.19%、茶多酚含量为20.27%～29.50%、儿茶素总量为132.95～157.76 mg/g,均显著高于对照福鼎大白茶;酚氨比（茶多酚与氨基酸的比值）为4.25～9.81,也高于对照福鼎大白茶,具有红茶适制性;所制红茶内含物丰富,其特征成分茶多酚含量为11.81%～19.61%、儿茶素总量为18.69～39.13 mg/g;茶汤的茶黄素、茶红素含量均较高,分别为0.63%～0.74%、8.66%～9.90%,且茶红素/茶黄素范围为12.97～14.03,因此其具有滋味浓强、汤色红亮的物质基础。2 个引进品种红茶均检出醇、醛、酮、酯、烯、烷烃类及未知化合物等7 类50 种香气成分,其中醇类香气物质含量最高,相对含量分别为64.06%、67.23%,芳樟醇及其氧化产物、香叶醇等香气主体成分含量也显著高于对照。感官评价结果显示,2 个引进品种所制红茶品质较优异且相当,均优于对照福鼎大白茶所制红茶的品质。     

焦麦芽烤甜香关键成分的确定及制备工艺优化

为开发能够增加卷烟烟气烤甜香香韵的烟用香料,以焦麦芽为原料,采用卷烟感官作用导向分析和气质联用（GC/MS）方法确定了焦麦芽提取物中的烤甜香关键成分,并以这些成分的含量为指标优化了焦麦芽烤甜香香料的制备工艺。结果表明,①经凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）分离和感官评价确定的焦麦芽烤甜香特征组分中含有麦芽酚、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、甲基环戊烯醇酮等15种关键成分。②优化的加热提取工艺参数为95%乙醇、料液质量比1：6、提取温度80℃、提取时间2.0 h、提取2次;脱蜡工艺参数为回溶乙醇浓度95%、回溶液中干物质含量20%和冷冻温度-20℃。③制备的焦麦芽烤甜香特征香料中烤甜香关键成分含量明显高于市售麦芽提取物和焦麦芽粗提物,且添加该烤甜香特征香料的样品卷烟烟气烤甜香更加突出。     

Relationships between volatile composition and sensory evaluation in eight varieties of netted muskmelon (Cucumis melo L var reticulatus Naud)

The quality parameter of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L var reticulatus Naud) is often identified with the sugar content, particularly sucrose. However, high soluble solids concentration at harvest does not always correspond with high overall fruit quality and should be used in conjunction with the evaluation of aroma. In order to find quality indices, correlations were checked between aroma compounds detected on the melon pulp by headspace gas chromatography and sensory evaluation. Eight cultivars of muskmelon were analysed for their aroma content and other quality parameters. Aroma compounds were mainly esters, while (Z)‐6‐nonenal and (E)‐6‐nonenol, characteristic of melon, were not detected with the technique used. The data were subjected to statistical analyses in order to find significant correlations. High values of correlation were not found between chromatographic and sensory data, but a high correlation was found between total aromas and ethyl esters, both data of analytical source. This fact means that ethyl esters could be very important compounds for melon flavour and could be considered as markers of a good‐quality aroma. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

烟叶多酚含量的品种间差异及其与感官质量的关系

为考察南平烟区翠碧一号、云烟87和K326三个品种间烟叶多酚含量的差异及其与感官质量的关系,采集了邵武、光泽、蒲城、建阳和武夷山等5个县（市、区）初烤C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品,测定了新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、莨菪亭、芸香苷和山奈酚葡萄糖苷等6种物质含量,分析其在品种间的差异及对感官质量的影响。结果表明,绿原酸和芸香苷是烟叶中两种最主要的多酚化合物,莨菪亭含量最低。翠碧一号的新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷及多酚总量的含量高于K326和云烟87。C3F等级烟叶中新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸和多酚总量高于B2F。随着烟草中新绿原酸和绿原酸含量的增加,烟气的香气质、杂气、余味、回甜感等指标趋好。香气量和杂气是影响透发性的两个主要因素,且香气量居于主导地位。     

外源添加茶汁或梨汁对梅占工夫红茶品质的影响

为探究外源添加茶汁或梨汁对梅占工夫红茶品质的影响,本文以梅占茶树鲜叶为主要加工原料,在加工过程中按茶叶:茶汁或梨汁比例为2:1(kg:L)的比例添加茶汁或梨汁,以不添加为对照,对所得工夫红茶进行整体感官品质、主要滋味以及香气物质分析。结果表明,外源茶汁或梨汁可显著（P<0.05）降低表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG）、表儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epicatechin-3-gallate,ECG）、表没食子儿茶素（Epigallocatechin,EGC）、表儿茶素（Epicatechin,EC）的含量,增加茶黄素的含量,外源梨汁所制工夫红茶可溶性糖含量分别较对照和外源添加茶汁处理高92.53%和95.31%,增强了成茶茶汤的甜味,而外源添加茶汁可有效增加茶叶中氨基酸、咖啡碱、没食子酸、茶色素及挥发性化合物的含量,其中挥发性化合物总量分别较对照与加梨汁处理的高6.36%和74.99%,且醇类、醛类、酯类和酮类化合物总量均最高,具有典型花香且含量最高的香叶醇在加茶汁处理中分别较对照和加梨汁处理高15.73%和79.64%,其成茶香气呈...     

The relationship between sensory quality and volatile compounds in raw juice processed from elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.)

Elderberry juice was processed by pressing of 101 samples of elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) picked in Austria, England and Denmark at optimum maturity. Taste panels trained in determination of elderberry flavour evaluated the juices and the results from the sensory evaluation were correlated to the content of volatile compounds. The volatile compounds were isolated from elderberry juices by dynamic headspace technique and analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 59 volatile compounds were identified, 9 of which have not previously been detected in elderberry products. A total of 53 compounds occurred in quantifiable amounts and significant differences among the investigated elderberry samples were observed for 50 compounds. The importance of the isolated volatile compounds to elderberry flavour was determined by classical factor analysis using the results from the sensory evaluation and information on the odour of the individual volatile compounds. Classical factor analysis were used including determination of eigenvalues, factor loadings and factor scores by varimax rotation of standardised variables for extraction of four non correlated factors (principal components) explaining approximately 73% of the variation in elderberry flavour. Twenty-eight volatile compounds and sensory quality were included in the four factors. Using the compounds with highest numerical values (loadings) the four factors were named: fresh-elderberry-elder flower (35.2%), fresh-fruity-sweet (17.3%), fresh-fruity (13.7%) and green-floral-fruity (6.7%). Three compounds with characteristic elderberry odour (-damascenone, nonanal, dihydroedulan) were closely correlated with the sensory quality of elderberry together with compounds with fruity, floral, green and/or miscellaneous odours.     

贵州珠形绿茶‘金牡丹’和‘铁观音’品质研究

为了解乌龙茶品种的贵州珠形绿茶适制性,以贵州主栽品种福鼎大白茶为对照,对国家级茶树良种‘金牡丹’和‘铁观音’春、夏梢所制珠形绿茶进行主要生化成分测定及感官审评。结果表明:‘金牡丹’和‘铁观音’的春、夏茶（珠形绿茶）的水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量为43.54%±0.78%～46.14%±0.42%、21.27%±0.60%～27.65%±0.11%、3.37%±0.18%～4.83%±0.09%和3.11%±0.07%～4.35%±0.06%,其中春茶的水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶多酚均显著高于对照,而氨基酸总量均显著低于对照（P<0.05）。其夏茶除茶多酚显著高于对照外,均与对照无显著差异（P>0.05）。感官审评发现,‘金牡丹’春茶品质优于对照,‘铁观音’低于对照。‘金牡丹’和‘铁观音’夏茶品质得分与对照相当。‘金牡丹’和‘铁观音’均为清香带花香,滋味则更浓醇。综合主要生化成分及感官审评,珠形绿茶‘金牡丹’和‘铁观音’香高馥郁带花果香,滋味浓醇。其鲜爽味物质不及‘福鼎大白茶’,但浓厚（强）度的物质含量高于对照。     

不同年份干红葡萄酒香气物质分析研究(英文)

葡萄酒香气物质是决定葡萄酒的风格及质量的重要化学成分。分析研究我国不同原产地域葡萄酒香气成分对葡萄酒质量的感官标准体系的建立,以及对葡萄酒生产工艺优化和质量评价有着重要意义。本试验研究了宁夏贺兰山东麓原产地域不同红色酿酒品种所酿造的不同年份的干红葡萄酒香气的化学成分,采用溶液萃取法提取3个单品种2001年份的赤霞珠、梅鹿辄、蛇龙珠干红和1997、1994年份的蛇龙珠干红香气物质成分;用气相色谱-质谱进行分离测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行鉴定,应用TIC峰面积归一法测定各成分的相对含量;分别分离出36、31、32、32和30个峰,鉴定出36、31、31、31和29个香气化学成分,共占其色谱流出组分总量的为100.00%、100.00%、99.97%、99.74%和99.66%。它们主要是脂肪羧酸、脂肪醇、芳香醇、低级脂肪酸、脂肪酮、杂环类(呋喃类、噻吩类)、醚类等。在相同酿造工艺处理条件下,不同单品种干红葡萄酒中,相对含量较高的香气成分种类相似,而微量特征香气成分差异较为显著,从而构成各类不同品种葡萄酒独特香气和风格。2001年、1997年和1994年三个不同年份的蛇龙珠干红在大罐陈酿过程中,共检测出香气成分37种。其中相同的香气化合物成分有25个。表明陈酿过程中,香气成分变化较为平缓。香气成分含量变化规律为:酯类由低→高→较低,醇类由高→低→最高,羧酸类、酮类及杂环类都呈现出由高→低逐渐转化的趋势,醚类化合物由低→高→较高的变化规律。     

烟丝挥发性香味物质与卷烟感官质量的相关性研究

选取中国市场价为每条200～300元的卷烟(30个样品)为研究对象,采用同时蒸馏萃取法测定其挥发性香味物质含量,并对其感官质量进行评价。运用简单相关分析、逐步回归分析和主成分分析对各项指标间的相关性进行了统计分析。结果表明:不同卷烟烟丝中的总香味含量,各类香味物质和感官评价结果符合正态分布;不同卷烟烟丝中致香成分和感官质量之间具有一定的相关性,其中,卷烟香气和杂气与烟丝所含的总香味物质以及大部分香味物质呈显著正相关。得到香气和谐调性指标的预测模型方程,经显著性测验均达到了极显著水平。总香味物质含量、新植二烯、酮类、醛类和酚类是主要的影响因子,其中,总香味物质含量是影响卷烟感官质量的主体因子。     

Free and bound volatile compounds as markers of aromatic typicalness of Moravia Dulce, Rojal and Tortosí red wines

Rojal, Moravia Dulce and Tortosí are three red minority grape varieties grown in La Mancha region (Spain). In this work, wines from these grape varieties were elaborated across four harvests (2006-2009). The aroma of wines was studied by instrumental and sensory analysis to determine their typicality and quality. Free and glycosidically-bound aroma compounds were isolated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis of wines identified 75, 78 and 80 free aroma compounds and 59, 62 and 62 bound aroma compounds in Moravia Dulce, Rojal and Tortosí wines, respectively. C₆ and benzenic compounds were the major components of free varietal aroma. Bound aroma fraction was characterised by a larger concentration of benzenic and C₁₃-norisoprenoid compounds, which suggest that these wines possess a great aroma potential.     

黄化变异对英红九号红茶香气的影响

英红九号的黄化变异植株嫩梢存在叶绿体发育缺陷,叶片光合作用与代谢积累的改变或会影响茶叶品质。为明确黄化变异对红茶香气的影响,本文分别以黄化变异和叶色正常英红九号为原料加工试验和对照红碎茶,比较样品间感官香气与化合物的变化。感官审评结果表明,黄化红碎茶的香气浓度整体弱于对照,尤其在甜度与鲜度上。利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-串联质谱法,从两组样品中鉴别出56种香气化合物。依据出现频次和单因素方差分析筛选出49种差异成分,随后进行化学计量分析与基于衍生途径的分类。结果表明,利用49种化合物作为主成分能清晰区分两组样品;10种化合物有组成差异,其中黄化样品的香气种类较少;39种化合物有含量差异,其中28种化合物在黄化样品中显著下降,11种上升。差异香气主要涉及脂肪酸、类胡萝卜素氧化和萜类代谢相关的衍生途径。