我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入状况分析

目的了解我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖的摄入状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2014年在我国14个省(市)抽取28个城市区和县内的27 485名3岁及以上常住人群作为调查对象,利用非连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集调查对象碳酸饮料的消费状况,结合2015年开展的饮料添加糖含量专项调查中132份碳酸饮料糖含量数据,采用简单分布评估方法计算人群碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入量分布和饮料提供的能量,并与人群膳食摄入总能量相比计算碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比。结果我国14个省(市)3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料添加糖每日平均摄入量为0.5 g,供能比为0.11%,其中碳酸饮料消费人群添加糖每日平均摄入量为13.4 g,中位数为12.3 g,供能比为2.69%。不同消费人群添加糖每日摄入量的中位数比较,男性(15.3 g)高于女性(10.1 g),城市(13.8 g)高于农村(10.7 g),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比比较,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);城市(3.02%)高于农村(2.01%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);13～17岁年龄组人群的碳酸饮料供能比最高为3.41%。结论 13～17岁青少年为碳酸饮料中添加糖的高消费群体,应重点开展科普宣教,引导合理消费。     

我国3岁及以上城市居民含糖饮料消费状况及其游离糖摄入评估

目的 了解我国3岁及以上城市居民含糖饮料消费状况,评估含糖饮料的游离糖摄入量及其供能比.方法 采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样方法,在我国18个省(自治区、直辖市),采用非连续3 d 24 h回顾调查方法,收集13 083名3岁及以上城市居民的各类食物包括含糖饮料的消费量.含糖饮料游离糖的含量数据来源于国家食品...     

山东省居民饮料中咖啡因暴露评估

目的评价山东省居民咖啡因的摄入水平及潜在的健康风险。方法检测8类共319份饮料样品中咖啡因含量数据,结合2013年2 523名山东省居民饮料消费量调查数据,采用确定性评估的方法,对山东省不同年龄-性别组人群的咖啡因摄入水平及其潜在风险进行评估。结果各类饮料咖啡因的平均含量为9 210.06 mg/kg,最大值为49 059.60 mg/kg。山东省全人群咖啡因的平均每日摄入量为61.62μg/kg BW,远低于咖啡因的安全摄入量(6.7 mg/kg BW)。不同年龄-性别组人群以60岁及以上年龄组男性每日摄入量最高,平均为166.55μg/kg BW,占安全摄入量的2.49%。全人群中高食物量消费人群的咖啡因每日摄入量(P97.5)为476.82μg/kg BW,远低于安全摄入量,各年龄-性别组人群高食物量消费人群的咖啡因每日摄入量范围为0.00～3 104.70μg/kg BW,最大值为13～17岁年龄组女性的摄入量。茶叶对于山东省居民饮料中咖啡因摄入的贡献率最高,达到74.19%。3～12岁儿童的咖啡因摄入主要来源为可乐。结论山东省居民饮料中咖啡因摄入的健康风险总体较低,其中茶叶和可乐分别为成年人和儿童的主要贡献食品。     

上海市15岁及以上居民膳食反式脂肪酸摄入量及其风险评估

目的 了解上海市常见市售食品中反式脂肪酸（TFAs）含量，评估上海15岁及以上居民膳食TFAs的摄入水平及其潜在健康风险。方法 在本市超市、农贸市场、餐饮店等采样点采集11大类664份食品样品，采用《食品安全国家标准 食品中反式脂肪酸的测定》（GB 5009.257—2016）检测TFAs含量。结合“2013年上海市居民膳食与健康状况监测”消费量数据，采用简单分布模型（确定性评估）方法，计算每个个体每日TFAs摄入量及其供能比。结果 在各类食品中，植物油中TFAs平均含量最高，达0.7 g/100 g，乳及乳制品中TFAs平均含量次之，为0.67 g/100 g，牛羊肉及其制品中的TFAs平均含量也较高，为0.51 g/100 g。上海市15岁及以上人群TFAs平均摄入量为0.34 g/d，平均供能比为0.18%，远低于WHO的建议水平（1%）。从个体TFAs供能比在人群中的分布来看，大部分居民供能比在0.1%~0.3%范围内，最大值为0.68%。从不同类食品对TFAs摄入的贡献率来看，加工食品占总摄入水平的75.16%，其中植物油贡献率最高，约占51.58%。结论 植物油是上海市15岁及以上居民膳食TFAs的最主要来源；上海市15岁及以上人群膳食摄入TFAs的健康风险很低。     

我国市售焙烤食品中游离糖含量分析

目的:研究分析我国市售焙烤食品中各类游离糖含量水平,为评估我国居民通过焙烤食品摄入糖含量的评估提供基础数据。方法:在我国五个城市采集具有代表性的市售焙烤食品404份,主要类别包括面包类、饼干类和糕点类焙烤食品。以高效离子色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定其中的游离糖含量,对各类焙烤食品中单糖和二糖组分进行分析比较。结果:焙烤类食品游离糖含量均值为16.9g/100g,其中糕点类最高(18.5g/100g)。其次为饼干类(16.0g/100g),面包类(13.2g/100g)游离糖平均含量较低。71.4%样品的焙烤食品游离糖平均含量 10g/100g;游离糖平均含量 10g/100g的比例,以糕点类、饼干类比例较高,分别达到了80.1%和74.6%。糕点亚类中,熟粉糕点、冷加工糕点、沙琪玛类糕点游离糖含量均值最高,分别为30.9g/100g、22.9g/100g、20.0g/100g;饼干各亚类中,煎饼(26.9g/100g)、蛋卷(26.2g/100g)、夹心饼干(20.3g/100g)三类游离糖平均含量最高。结论:我国市售焙烤食品中游离糖含量普遍较高,不同种类焙烤食品中糖的组成不尽相同,以蔗糖分布最广、含量最高。     

我国9省(市)3岁以上人群碳酸饮料消费状况分析

目的了解我国3岁以上不同年龄、性别、地区、家庭年收入等人群的碳酸饮料消费状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取北京、上海、广东、黑龙江、山东、湖北、江西、贵州、甘肃9个省(市),在9省(市)中各抽取1个城市的1个区和1个县3岁以上常住人群作为调查对象,共调查16 775人。利用非连续3 d 24 h回顾方法和过去1个月食物频率法收集调查对象碳酸饮料的消费状况,采用多元Logistic回归方法分析影响人群碳酸饮料消费的各类相关因素。结果我国9省(市)3岁以上人群碳酸饮料饮用率为24.2%(3 651/15 056),平均消费量为13.8 ml/d,其中,饮用碳酸饮料的人群平均消费量为172.9 ml/d。男性(16.9 ml/d)高于女性(13.8 ml/d),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);城市(20.3 ml/d)高于农村(7.8 ml/d),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);15~17岁年龄组人群的消费量最高为28.6 ml/d,60岁以上年龄组人群最低为2.7 ml/d,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论我国人群碳酸饮料消费量与年龄、性别、城乡、职业和文化程度等因素相关。     

陕西省居民膳食中铝暴露风险评估

目的了解陕西省市售食品中铝污染状况,评估陕西省居民膳食中铝摄入水平及其潜在的健康风险。方法 2013—2015年在陕西省10个地市随机采集8类食品共计666份,按照食品中铝测定的标准操作程序进行检测,结合陕西省开展的居民膳食营养状况调查中各类食物的消费量数据,采用点评估方法,对陕西省不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝摄入水平及其潜在的风险进行评估。结果陕西省居民全人群膳食中铝平均每日摄入量为0.154 9 mg/kg BW,不同性别-年龄组人群以18~59岁女性摄入量最高,为0.178 5 mg/kg BW。当食物中铝含量取P97.5数值时,膳食中铝摄入量最高的人群是2~7岁儿童。各性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝平均暴露量(铝含量数据采用平均值)安全限值(MOS值)均1,偏高暴露量(铝含量数据采用P97.5数值)MOS值均1。2~7岁和8~12岁儿童膳食中铝摄入贡献率较高的食品是油炸食品和焙烤食品,其他组人群膳食中铝摄入贡献率前3位的食品均是油炸食品、凉皮和淀粉制品。结论陕西省居民不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝偏高暴露量已超过最新的健康指导值。女性和儿童是暴露量较高的人群,油炸食品是不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝摄入的最主要来源。     

中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP的风险评估

评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法 利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP含量数据(9 284条),结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,对我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18～59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)4个不同年龄组人群DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险进行评估。结果 各类食品DEHP平均含量为0.12 mg/kg。成人饮酒者全人群DEHP膳食平均摄入量为2.23 μg/kg BW,占TDI(50 μg/kg BW)的4.45%,最高摄入量为10.04 μg/kg BW。其中18～59岁的男性饮酒者的DEHP平均摄入量和最高摄入量均高于其他性别年龄组。对成人饮酒者全人群而言,大米是成人饮酒者贡献率最高的食品,达26.97%,远高于其他类别食品。其次是白酒,为15.89%。结论 中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP膳食摄入水平低于健康指导值,健康风险较低。     

我国方便面消费人群膳食钠摄入水平分析

目的 分析我国方便面消费人群膳食钠摄入水平,评估不同情景下降低方便面中的钠含量对方便面消费人群钠摄入水平的影响。方法 应用方便面以及其他食品中钠含量专项监测数据,结合2017—2020年中国居民食物消费状况调查中各类食品个体消费量数据,采用简单分布模型方法,评估方便面消费人群每日膳食钠的摄入水平和分布情况,以及不同食品对膳食钠摄入的贡献。情景假设四种：方便面中的钠含量降低10%、降低20%,食用1/2方便面调料包、食用1/3方便面调料包。结果 本研究采集的方便面样品中钠含量平均值为2 129.30 mg/100 g,方便面消费人群膳食钠平均摄入量为5 462.68 mg/d,所有年龄组人群膳食钠平均摄入量均超过WHO推荐值（2 000 mg/d）,约98.53%的方便面消费人群膳食钠平均摄入量超过相应年龄段预防非传染性慢性病的建议摄入量;调味品是方便面消费人群膳食钠摄入的主要来源,方便面的贡献率约为12.69%。食用1/3调料包时,可使方便面消费人群总钠摄入降低6.74%。结论 我国方便面消费人群钠摄入量处于较高水平,通过降低方便面中钠含量或减少调料包食用量,可在一定程度上降低人群钠摄入水平。本研究为国内方便面行业开展减盐（减钠）行动提供科学数据参考。     

中国居民食用油摄入状况及变化

利用2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康监测中连续3d家庭食物称重记账法收集的家庭食用油消费数据,分析我国居民食用油的摄入量现状及变化。依据家庭成员的膳食能量比计算我国2岁以上居民个体食用油摄入量。我国居民平均每标准人日食用油的摄入量为41.8 g,其中植物油37.1 g、动物油4.7 g。城市居民食用油摄入量为43.0 g、农村居民食用油摄入量为40.8 g,农村居民动物油摄入量高于城市居民,尤其是贫困农村居民的动物油摄入量最高,为9.2g。中小城市居民的平均摄入量已经超过大城市。与2002年相比,全国城乡居民食用油平均摄入量基本持平,其中动物油所占比例下降。目前,我国居民食用油的消费量仍偏高,农村居民动物油消费偏多。     

Updated estimate of trans fat intake by the US population

The dietary intake of industrially-produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) was estimated for the US population (aged 2 years or more), children (aged 2-5 years) and teenage boys (aged 13-18 years) using the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) food consumption database, market share information and trans fat levels based on label survey data and analytical data for packaged and in-store purchased foods. For fast foods, a Monte Carlo model was used to estimate IP-TFA intake. Further, the intake of trans fat was also estimated using trans fat levels reported in the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (SR 22, 2009) and the 2003-2006 NHANES food consumption database. The cumulative intake of IP-TFA was estimated to be 1.3 g per person per day (g/p/d) at the mean for the US population. Based on this estimate, the mean dietary intake of IP-TFA has decreased significantly from that cited in the 2003 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) final rule that established labelling requirements for trans fat (4.6 g/p/d for adults). Although the overall intake of IP-TFA has decreased as a result of the implementation of labelling requirements, individuals with certain dietary habits may still consume high levels of IP-TFA if certain brands or types of food products are frequently chosen.     

Assessment of dietary exposure of young Chinese children to aluminium residues

The aim of this study was to assess the Al dietary exposure of young Chinese children aged 0–3 years via formulae, complementary foods and wheat-based foods. Al residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring programme from 2013 to 2016, encompassing 13,833 samples of 12 food items with a detection rate of 76.0%. Food consumption data were gathered from the China National Food Consumption Survey conducted in 2015, comprising 20,172 children aged 0–3 years old. The mean dietary exposure to Al for the general population of young Chinese children was estimated at 0.76 mg/kg bw/week, which does not exceed the PTWI. The 97.5th percentile intakes of Al reached 3.42 mg/kg bw/week, more than 1.7 times the PTWI. Wheat-based foods contributed 80.5% of the Al intake for the general population of young Chinese children, while formulae and complementary foods accounted for 19.5% of the total intake. The dietary intake of Al from formulae and complementary foods accounted for 6.0% and 1.6% of PTWI, respectively. These findings suggested that dietary exposure to Al among the general population of young Chinese children was lower than the PTWI and that there are no health concerns related to this level of Al intake. However, more attention should be placed on the health risks associated with Al exposure from wheat-based foods for young consumers with high food consumption in China (97.5th percentile)     

Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications

Food is contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) worldwide. Previous data show elevated intakes in children. We determined intakes of POPs in Finnish children. Because no children-specific safe limit values exist, we used tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) set for adults by international expert bodies to examine the proportion of the study population that exceed those limits. We utilised dietary monitoring data with food consumption of Finnish boys and girls aged 1-6 years, measured the contaminant concentrations in all the main food items and calculated age-specific contaminant sum and congener-specific long-term daily intake levels. Our food intake and contaminant data correspond to years 2002-2005. The long-term upper-bound dioxin intakes ranged between 0.1 and 12.8?pg WHO(PCDD/F-PCB)-TEQ/kg bw/d (min and max). An immediate TDI for WHO(PCDD/F-PCB)-TEQs of 4.0?pg/kg?bw/d were exceeded by 2.5%-7.5% of the children. PBDE long-term upper-bound intake was between 0.1 and 5.8?ng/kg bw/d (min and max). Congener-specific analyses indicated a typical Finnish adult exposure pattern of the children to PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs. The highest POP intakes were observed in children aged 3 years. Long-term daily PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE intakes among Finnish children varied greatly between individuals and ages. In each age group of the study population, there was a proportion of children with their WHO(PCDD/F-PCB)-TEQ intake exceeding considered safe limits set for adults. Based on the exposure profile reported herein, children should be clearly considered as a specific sub-population in food-mediated contaminant risk assessment.     

Updated estimate of trans fat intake by the US population

The dietary intake of industrially-produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) was estimated for the US population (aged 2 years or more), children (aged 2–5 years) and teenage boys (aged 13–18 years) using the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) food consumption database, market share information and trans fat levels based on label survey data and analytical data for packaged and in-store purchased foods. For fast foods, a Monte Carlo model was used to estimate IP-TFA intake. Further, the intake of trans fat was also estimated using trans fat levels reported in the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (SR 22, 2009) and the 2003–2006 NHANES food consumption database. The cumulative intake of IP-TFA was estimated to be 1.3?g per person per day (g/p/d) at the mean for the US population. Based on this estimate, the mean dietary intake of IP-TFA has decreased significantly from that cited in the 2003 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) final rule that established labelling requirements for trans fat (4.6?g/p/d for adults). Although the overall intake of IP-TFA has decreased as a result of the implementation of labelling requirements, individuals with certain dietary habits may still consume high levels of IP-TFA if certain brands or types of food products are frequently chosen.     

1989-2009年广西六市（县）居民膳食结构变化趋势分析

目的：分析广西城乡居民食物消费状况,了解居民膳食结构变化趋势.方法：利用1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006、2009年“中国健康与营养调查”项目8次追踪调查资料,选取18-60岁居民作为调查对象,采取连续3d 24h膳食回顾法,获得居民每人每天食物消费量.结果：1989-2009年广西18-60岁居民谷类、豆类摄入量呈逐年下降趋势,尤其是谷类食物由1989年的483.5±116.3g/d,下降到2009年的389.0±133.0g/d,下降幅度为19.5％;蔬菜类食物的摄入量变化不大,基本维持在335.8-348.6g/d;水果、奶类、鱼虾类、蛋类食物摄入量和消费率虽然逐年均有所增加,但摄入量和消费率严重偏低;而禽畜肉摄入量却呈逐年上升趋势,由1989年的89.2±78.7g/d,上升至2009年的159.6±87.9g/d,上升幅度为78.9％;食用油、盐摄入量也偏高,至2009年分别达到38.8g/d和7.7g/d,超过推荐量标准.结论：21年间广西居民的膳食结构模式已从植物性膳食向动物性膳食转变,应引起高度关注.     

Contribution of selected foods to acrylamide intake by a population of Brazilian adolescents

Acrylamide dietary intakes from selected foods are estimated in this work for Brazilian adolescents from São Paulo State. The exposure assessment was carried out by combining levels of acrylamide in foods determined analytically by an accredited LC-MS/MS method, with individual food consumption data, using a deterministic approach. Data on food consumption were generated using 24 h recall applied to 578 individuals aged from 11 to 17 years, between July and August 2001. The mean and maximum acrylamide intakes were estimated to be 0.12 and 1.92 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. At 50th, 95th and 97.5th percentiles, the average intakes were 0.04, 0.55 and 0.77 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. Boys presented exposure levels lower than girls, while the acrylamide intake by younger adolescents (11-14 years) was higher compared to the older group (15-17 years). The foods that contributed most to acrylamide exposure were French fries, French bread, water and salt biscuit and coffee.     

Monitoring the content and intake of trace elements from food in Denmark

The content of cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury and selenium in 83 foods was monitored from 1993 to 1997. In comparison with similar results from 1988 to 1992, a general decrease in lead levels had occurred, whereas the contents of cadmium, nickel, mercury and selenium were stable or declined only slightly. The distribution in dietary intake of the five trace elements was estimated by combining the mean trace element concentrations with food consumption data from 1837 Danes aged 15-80 years. The lead intake for 1993-97 showed a decrease in comparison with similar estimates from the previous monitoring cycles: 1983-87 and 1988-92. The intake of cadmium and mercury decreased to a lesser extent, whereas the intake of selenium and nickel remained unchanged in the same period. The dietary intake of trace elements was compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The 95th percentile of the distribution in cadmium intake amounts to 34% of PTWI, which is relatively high, and therefore calls for a more detailed future risk assessment. The intakes of lead and mercury were 11% of PTWI and, like the intake of nickel, did not cause any health concern in the adult population. The Danes ingest close to 100% of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendation for selenium at 50 μg day -1 , and no individuals had an intake less than the lower limit of 20 μg day -1 .     

Dietary interview. 2. Comparison of the results obtained with different numbers of daily recalls]

From energy, nutrient and food intake data obtained with 14 24-hours recalls from 43 male and 53 female employees, aged from 30 to 40 years, the authors calculated and compared the single and group means for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days, respectively. It is tried to deduce from them the lowest number of interviews necessary for reliable statements. As the intra-individual variances were greater than the variances within the groups, the diet of such a group cannot be characterized on the basis of a single interview. Statements regarding the mean intakes of energy, nutrients and high-aggregated food groups could be made for groups of subjects on the basis of 3-5 interviews, with a tolerance of +/- 5%. The stable estimation of the consumption of single foods (with a tolerance of +/- 10%) required at least 7 interviews. 10 interviews were necessary for estimating (with a tolerance of +/- 10%) the mean intakes of energy, nutrients and great food groups of single persons. These results will hold true only when the workdays and weekends are in due proportion.