Effect of gamma‐ray irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure for wheat

Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure of wheat was compared to non‐irradiated wheat. The moisture content of wet gluten and titratable acidity of wheat flour were significantly affected by gamma irradiation. This treatment also destroyed the starch granules of wheat grain and their breakage augmented as the dose of gamma irradiation increased, apparently resulting in the increase of small starch granules. Probably, these results were due to the disruption of large molecule, such as proteins, lipids and starch. The irradiated wheat flour for RVA pasting properties (flour viscosity) was also evaluated. Besides the difference in RVA profile, starch pasting curves showed a considerable decrease for six main parameters as gamma irradiation dose at different velocity increased.     

蒸汽润麦对小麦粉微生物指标和理化特性的影响

为缩短小麦的润麦时间,控制小麦粉中的微生物数量,研究了蒸汽润麦处理对小麦粉的降菌作用及对其理化特性的影响。研究表明:蒸汽润麦后,小麦籽粒的温度显著上升(P0.05),出粉率先下降后上升,小麦粉中的微生物数量显著降低(P0.05),且随着处理时间的延长,杀菌效果越明显。当蒸汽处理时间为320 s时,小麦粉中的微生物数量显著减少(P0.05),其中菌落总数减少了1.74 lgCFU/g、霉菌和酵母总数减少了1.99 lgCFU/g、耐热芽孢总数减小了1.01 lgCFU/g。蒸汽润麦处理后,小麦粉的酶活显著降低(P0.05),破损淀粉含量、吸水率和淀粉黏度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;面团流变学特性的分析结果表明,蒸汽润麦能显著延长(P0.05)面团形成时间和稳定时间,增加面团强度;同时,蒸汽处理还促进了小麦粉中蛋白质的交联聚合。该研究表明蒸汽润麦在降低小麦粉中微生物数量的同时还能在一定程度上改善小麦粉的理化特性。     

Effects of γ-irradiation on the quality changes of fresh noodles prepared from wheat cultivated with N-fertilization treatments

Quality changes of fresh noodles prepared from wheat cultivated with N-fertilization treatments, followed by γ-irradiation were investigated. The protein content of the KPS60 was the highest of all treated samples, and protein contents of wheat cultivated with N-fertilizer was increased. γ-Irradiation did not affect the protein contents of the samples. However, the water holding capacity and resistant starch contents was increased by irradiation. The dry gluten and wet gluten contents of samples were further increased by γ-irradiation. The pasting properties were influenced by γ-irradiation but not N-fertilization. The hardness of noodles made with irradiated wheat flour was decreased, but the degree of decrease was small compared with that of viscosity. The gumminess and chewiness of noodles made with irradiated flour having higher protein content and WG showed also higher score. Thus, treatment of wheat flour with N-fertilization and γ-irradiation may improve the quality of Korean-style noodles during storage.     

Effects of isomalt on the quality of wheat flour dough and spicy wheat gluten sticks

The effects of different isomalt concentrations on the quality of wheat flour dough and spicy wheat gluten sticks (SWGS) were evaluated at the physical, structural and molecular levels. The results showed that the radial expansion rate (RER) and oil absorption rate (OAR) of SWGS increased first and then decreased with increased isomalt supplementation, which reached the maximum at 3 wt%. The pasting properties of wheat starch also changed, and the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback were decreased with the addition of isomalt. Dynamic rheological properties results showed that the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') increased with the addition of isomalt, which may be attributed to the reinforcement of gluten network structure by hydrogen bonding of isomalt. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images illustrated that the SWGS surface becomes smooth and the broken gluten structure was reduced after the addition of different isomalt levels compared with the control group. Overall, the wheat flour dough quality analysis showed that the addition of isomalt could generate a close binding with wheat starch and protein and further strengthen the internal structure of gluten through isomalt hydrogen bonds.     

Understanding high pressure-induced changes in wheat flour–water suspensions using starch–gluten mixtures as model systems

The effect of high pressure (HP) on wheat flour–water suspensions was investigated. Suspensions were treated for 10 min at 200–600 MPa. HP-treatment significantly increased the consistency of the flour suspensions, as studied by frequency sweep tests. Temperature sweeps revealed that HP-induced starch gelatinisation, with a sigmoidal-shaped correlation between degree of gelatinisation and treatment pressure. Analysis of protein solubility in different buffers indicated the HP-induced formation of urea-insoluble complexes and/or disulphide bonds. Furthermore, the effects of HP on the isolated components wheat starch and gluten were studied, and starch–gluten mixtures were used as a model system for flour. A negative effect of gluten on the consistency increase of starch suspension was observed. Comparing the rheological parameters of HP-treated wheat flour suspensions to those of starch suspensions, confirmed the weakening effect of gluten. However, the presence of gluten in flour could not fully explain the differences between starch and flour suspension.     

高温高湿处理对小麦中蛋白质性质的影响

目的：探索高温高湿工艺对小麦及其制品蛋白质性质的影响。方法：分析了经高温高湿工艺处理后小麦粉及其制品的面筋蛋白、麦谷蛋白及麦醇溶蛋白的理化性质、分子性质和超微结构。结果：小麦粉和挂面中蛋白质的水溶性随处理时间的延长而降低;挂面面筋蛋白的持水力优于小麦粉,其中麦谷蛋白的持水能力占主要作用;随着处理时间的延长,小麦蛋白质中相对分子量较大的麦谷蛋白含量增多,而分子量较小的麦醇溶蛋白含量减少。SEM分析发现,热变性使谷蛋白由原来的膜状结构逐渐变成多孔结构,此结构使面筋网络中的孔隙变大,孔隙变大可以更好地包裹淀粉颗粒。结论：高温高湿处理工艺对小麦和面条中的蛋白质性质影响具有差异。小麦粉中的蛋白质持水能力经处理后基本没有变化,而水溶能力则呈下降趋势;面条经高温高湿处理后持水力与水溶力均提高。     

Effects of protein oxidation on the rheological behaviour of different wheat flour

Wheat flour proteins are subject to oxidation reactions during production, processing and storage. The quality of protein and the rheological properties of wheat are crucial for the flour industry. However, the impact and mechanism of protein oxidised on wheat flour quality remain unclear. In this study, ozone was used to oxidise wheat grains, the secondary structure of protein in flour and the rheological properties of dough were analysed by FTIR and Mixolab. The proportion of α-helix and β-folding of protein were decreased significantly, as were the development time (DDT), stability time (DST) and protein weakening (C2) value of dough. Meanwhile, starch gelatinisation (C3), amylase activity (C4) and retrogradation (C5) were increased significantly, along with the elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″). Microstructure analysis indicated that protein oxidation destroyed the gluten network structure in the dough. In addition, the L* value of dough was decreased and a* and b* values were increased significantly. The results showed that the oxidation of protein reduced the stability of protein secondary structure, weakened the structure and stability of the gluten network in dough, and changed the viscoelasticity and colour of dough. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of rheological behaviour in wheat flour.     

谷朊粉和小麦淀粉添加量对重组面团冻藏品质的影响

面团的冷冻保存品质无法满足鲜湿面条工业化生产的要求。为了研究面团主要组分（面筋蛋白和淀粉）对面团冷冻品质的影响,以高筋小麦面粉（50%）、谷朊粉和小麦淀粉（不同比例）为原料进行面团重组,?18 ℃冻藏20 d分析其水分分布、流变特性、糊化特性、凝胶强度、微观结构以及氢键强度,以100%原小麦面粉作为对照组。结果表明,随着谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例从4:1减小至1:4,冷冻重组面团中的水分分布逐渐由结合水向自由水迁移,弹性模量从125900 Pa降低至73020 Pa;样品的各项糊化参数增大,凝胶硬度也由114.30 g增大到181.39 g。扫描电镜观察发现,谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例越低越不利于面筋蛋白网络结构的均匀性。添加了谷朊粉和小麦淀粉后,重组面团中的氢键强度均大于对照组,且随着谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例的减小不断增大。当谷朊粉:小麦淀粉为4:1时,冻藏20 d的重组面团的弹性模量值比对照组高49.95%,有效延缓了面团在冻藏过程中的品质劣变。将淀粉与面筋蛋白进行面团重组可以提高面团的黏弹性,进而有利于其冷冻保存品质。     

受热对小麦粉品质及其面团特性的影响

小麦粉在加工过程中会受到热的影响,导致小麦粉品质发生变化。该文研究不同受热条件下小麦粉品质及其面团特性的变化,以稳定或提高小麦粉品质。采用干热处理方式,在60~90℃分别对小麦粉加热10~50 s,测定小麦粉的水分含量、干面筋含量、面筋指数、蛋白质组分含量等理化特性,以及游离巯基含量、二硫键含量、面筋蛋白二级结构等结构组成和面团质构特性。研究结果表明,受热后小麦粉水分含量显著降低,在较长时间和较高温度时,随着温度升高和时间的延长,干面筋含量总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,当温度较高时,面筋指数均低于原粉,且随时间的延长先升高后降低;随着温度升高和时间延长,清蛋白和球蛋白含量降低,醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量先升高后降低;游离巯基和二硫键含量有显著变化,蛋白质的二级结构受温度影响显著,时间仅对β-转角含量有影响;面团质构特性在起始醒发时差异不大,但在醒发45 min后差异极显著,在温度高时,面团坚实度和黏弹性的值较大。     

Evaluation the quality characteristics of wheat flour and shelf-life of fresh noodles as affected by ozone treatment

In this study, the effects of ozone treatment on the microorganism mortality in wheat flour and shelf-life of fresh noodles were investigated, as well as the physicochemical properties of wheat flour and textural qualities of cooked noodles. Results showed that the total plate count (TPC) can be largely reduced in wheat flour exposed to ozone gas for 30 min and 60 min. Whiteness of flour and noodle sheet, dough stability, and peak viscosity of wheat starch were all increased by ozone treatment. Free cysteine content in wheat flour was shown to decrease significantly (P < 0.05) as the treatment time increased and remarkable protein aggregates were observed in both reduced and non-reduced SDS–PAGE patterns. In addition, ozone treated noodles were generally higher in firmness, springiness, and chewiness, while lower in adhesiveness. Microbial growth and darkening rate of fresh noodles made from ozone treated flour were delayed significantly.     

Effects of plasma-activated water and heat moisture treatment on the properties of wheat flour and dough

Plasma-activated water (PAW) production and use is an emerging technology for enhancing product safety, extending shelf-life and quality retention, and promoting sustainable processing. At present, it has generated considerable attention for applications to starch and flour modification. This work presents an innovative approach to wheat flour (WF) modification using PAW and heat-moisture treatment (HMT), and compares this approach with distilled water (DW) treatment. As expected, PAW and HMT promoted flour granule clustering, increasing particle size. These treatments accelerated molecular interactions between wheat starch and non-starch components (e.g. proteins and lipids), which eventually increased resistant starch (RS) content. Addition of modified flour (30 g) to WF positively affected its rheological properties, and closely bound water content of the dough. The gluten protein network structure in the dough suffered varying degrees of damage. In conclusion, our results showed that PAW and HMT may provide a novel beneficial method for modifying wheat flour during food processing to obtain viscoelastic wheat flour products with nutritional functions.     

Effects of different fertilization treatments on the physicochemical and noodle-making properties of Korean winter wheat cultivars

Changes in the quality of white salted noodles prepared with different types of Korean winter wheat were examined. Crude protein and amylose contents of various wheat cultivars ranged from 7.17 to 9.97 and 24.78 to 29.37%, respectively. The water holding capacities of Jokyung with base N-fertilizer (NF) and Keumkang with 40% increased NF compared with NF at the supplementary manuring (SM) were 95.70 and 70.69%, respectively. The dry gluten content of the Keumkang with 20% increased NF compared with SM at the panicle initiation stage (PS) was 12.5%, and the final viscosities of several cultivars with NF, PS, and SM did not differ. PS treatment increased the thickness of the noodle sheet, and the hardnesses of cooked noodles prepared using Goso, Baekjoong, Younbaek, and Keumkang wheat with PS or SM treatment were increased. The thickness was strongly positively correlated with dry gluten content (DG) and water binding in wet gluten. In order to improve the quality of fresh noodles, wheat flour prepared using Hojung, Goso, and Baekjoong cultivars under PS cultivation condition or wheat flour with higher protein content, DG contents, and WBG should be used.     

基于模糊数学感官评价研制凉皮专用小麦粉

以中筋小麦石优17分别与三种强筋小麦（藁优2018、师栾02-1、冀麦323）按不同比例配麦，采用传统洗面方法蒸制鲜凉皮和面筋，测定质构、感官、出品率和淀粉沉降速度，利用模糊数学综合评价法将感官数据分数化。对最佳配比小麦粉进行面筋质量、糊化和流变学特性分析。结果表明：与市售凉皮粉及石优17相比，30%师栾02-1综合评价最好，其沉降速度最快，4 h淀粉浆液体积为182.5 mL，且凉皮和面筋弹性数据最大值分别为1.17和1.84 mm，凉皮感官品质仅次于市售凉皮粉，面筋感官评分也较好。凉皮和面筋出品率较市售凉皮粉分别提高了3.64%和2.38%。面筋指数、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比例显著提高，吸水率、弱化度、崩解值较配麦前显著减小。     

Impact of endogenous constituents from different flour milling streams on dough rheology and semi-sweet biscuit making potential by partial substitution of a commercial soft wheat flour

A flour fractionation-reconstitution procedure was used to study the substitution of a commercial soft wheat flour with gluten, water extractables, prime starch and starch tailing fractions isolated from patent and clear flour streams on dough rheology and semi-sweet biscuit characteristics. Substitution of soft wheat flour with increasing levels of the native patent and clear flour streams raised the dough consistency, hardness and elastic properties as well as the biscuit textural attributes (density, hardness). The dough stickiness of the base flour was also reduced and the biscuits were free of cracks. Gluten isolated from the patent flour had a greater impact on dough consistency, hardness and elastic properties than gluten obtained from the clear flour, likely due to the superior protein quality of the former. Additionally, with increasing gluten levels in the fortified flour there were moderate increases in biscuit density, hardness, and lower crunchiness. The addition of starch tailings produced the largest impact on consistency and hardness of the dough. This fraction also exerted a pronounced effect on biscuit density and hardness, while it lowered crunchiness, presumably due to its higher pentosan content. Overall, the dough rheological properties and biscuit characteristics were controlled by the amount-nature of the fractions added; i.e., besides gluten (amount and quality), other constituents such as pentosans and the overall composition of the flour blends can largely affect the quality of the semi-sweet biscuits.     

Effects of ball‐milling on the glass transition of wheat flour constituents

BACKGROUND: Starch and gluten, the major components of wheat flour, greatly influence the structural characteristics of food products made with wheat flour. The effects of ball‐milling on the change in the semicrystalline structure of starch granules to the amorphous state have been reported. However, the effects of ball‐milling of native wheat flour on physicochemical changes in wheat flour constituents have not been elucidated. Therefore in this study the effects of ball‐milling on the glass transition of wheat flour constituents were investigated. RESULTS: Crude gluten, non‐gluten proteins and separated starch were obtained from wheat flour ball‐milled for 0–10 h, and the glass transition temperature (T_g) of these constituents was evaluated. The T_g of all wheat flour constituents decreased with increasing ball‐milling time. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that changes in band position and intensity did not occur for gluten but did occur for non‐gluten proteins. X‐ray diffraction revealed decreased crystallinity and greater plasticisation by water in separated starch as the ball‐milling time was prolonged. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the ball‐milling process decreased the T_g of wheat flour constituents as a function of milling time. The decrease in T_g was probably due to changes in conformation of protein subunits in gluten and depolymerisation of the non‐gluten protein fraction. The information obtained here about the physical alteration of wheat flour constituents may enhance the ability to successfully use ball‐milled wheat flour in food applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

轻碾脱皮对全麦粉及其馒头品质的影响

以强筋、中强筋、中筋小麦为原料,采用干法轻碾脱皮,研究了不同轻碾脱皮比例对小麦籽粒、全麦粉及其馒头品质的影响。结果表明:随着轻碾脱皮比例的增加,小麦籽粒的灰分含量、硬度指数、千粒质量分别降低了0.17%、1.0~1.5、1.74~1.82 g,容重增加了22.0~23.4 g/L;全麦粉的灰分和损伤淀粉含量分别降低了0.12%~0.14%、1.0~2.1 UCDc;不溶性膳食纤维、总膳食纤维含量分别降低了0.38%~0.49%、0.13%~0.17%,而可溶性膳食纤维含量增加了0.22%~0.33%;全麦粉的糊化指标呈上升趋势,稳定时间延长了0.3~0.7 min,而弱化度降低了9~25 FU;全麦粉馒头的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度分别降低了732~1 114 g、335~549、147~346,而弹性和回复性分别增加了0.030~0.031、0.049~0.066,另外亮度L*值及感官评价总分增加,从而表明轻碾脱皮处理能有效改善全麦粉的流变学特性及其馒头品质。     

臭氧处理对新收获小麦品质的影响

为了探讨臭氧处理应用于加速新收获小麦后熟的可行性,在室温、臭氧处理质量浓度为5mg/L、处理时间0.5~2.0h条件下分别处理新收获小麦,研究臭氧处理对新收获小麦基本成分、破损淀粉含量、湿面筋含量、面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明,与未处理组相比,臭氧处理对新收获小麦的粗蛋白含量无显著影响(P0.05),但对粗淀粉含量、破损淀粉含量、湿面筋含量、面团流变学特性有显著性影响(P0.05)。     

面条品质与小麦粉品质特性关系的探讨

选用品质不同的小麦粉33份制作面条,探讨小麦粉品质性状和面条煮面品质的关系。结果表明,面条品质是小麦粉多种品质性状综合作用的结果,不同小麦粉品质性状对面条外观和质地作用的方向和程度不同,蛋白质质量(面筋强度和延伸性)和淀粉糊化特性对面条品质的影响较大,蛋白质质量对面条质地有较大的正向影响,对面条外观有一定的负向影响,淀粉糊化特性对面条外观和质地均有显著正向作用,而蛋白质数量对面条适口性和韧性也有一定正向作用。面筋强度较高、淀粉特性好的小麦粉适宜制作优质面条。     

脱皮及超微粉碎对紫麦全麦粉加工品质的影响

以紫色小麦为原料,主要研究了0、4%、8%的脱皮程度及不同的超微粉碎工艺对全麦粉理化性质、流变学特性、糊化特性及曲奇饼干质构特性的影响。结果表明:随着脱皮率的增加,全麦粉中蛋白质、灰分、面筋含量都有所降低,但面筋指数增加。脱皮工艺显著改善了全麦粉的面团流变学特性、糊化特性及曲奇饼干的质构特性。与传统粉碎工艺相比,超微粉碎对全麦粉蛋白质及灰分含量的影响不大,而随着超微成分的增多,紫麦全麦粉的面筋含量、面筋指数、流变学特性、糊化黏度、曲奇饼干质构特性都有不同程度的提高。     

LED蓝光处理对小麦粉的减菌效果及其品质的影响

为减少有害微生物对小麦粉的污染,本研究以不同筋度（低筋、中筋、高筋）小麦粉为原料,对其接种不同菌落数的大肠杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌,分析LED蓝光光照处理（430～470 nm,36 W）对3 种筋度小麦粉的减菌效果及其理化性质的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,5 h LED蓝光处理可显著降低高接菌量小麦粉中的大肠杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌菌落数,分别减少4.9（lg（CFU/g））和4.7（lg（CFU/g））,且杀菌效果与光照时间呈正相关;LED光照处理使小麦粉水分质量分数和横向弛豫时间T21、T22均呈现降低趋势,但不会改变小麦粉中水分的主要存在形式;经LED蓝光处理后,小麦粉的亮度、湿面筋质量分数和蛋白质聚合体无显著变化;但绿度和黄度下降,且小麦粉中蛋白与淀粉之间结合更加紧密。因此,LED蓝光处理可有效抑制小麦粉品质劣变,并有利于增加小麦粉的稳定性,改善小麦粉的品质。