传统发酵肉成熟过程中微生物菌群和理化性质变化

研究添加戊糖片球菌、木糖葡萄球菌（1∶1）复合发酵剂的发酵肉与自然发酵肉成熟过程中的微生物 菌群、理化性质及质构品质变化。结果表明：在成熟过程中,添加发酵剂的发酵肉（实验组）与自然发酵肉 （对照组）相比,酵母菌和肠肝菌数量无显著差异,而细菌菌落总数、乳酸菌、葡萄球菌数量均有显著差异 （P＜0.05）;且实验组发酵肉的最终pH值、水分含量、亚硝酸盐含量等理化指标均低于对照组,质构指标均优于 对照组;添加发酵剂的发酵肉在微生物菌群多样性和风味品质等方面均明显优于自然发酵肉。     

不同乳酸菌发酵剂对发酵红肠品质的影响

为研究乳酸菌发酵对红肠品质的影响,将发酵技术应用于本无发酵工艺的红肠制品中,筛选出能够提高红肠品质的乳酸菌发酵剂。分别将常应用于发酵肉制品的7 种商业乳酸菌发酵剂（木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌（THM-17）、木糖葡萄球菌＋清酒乳杆菌＋类植物乳杆菌（PRO-MIX5）、木糖葡萄球菌＋肉葡萄球菌＋清酒乳杆菌（WBL-45）、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋植物乳杆菌（VHI-41）、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋植物乳杆菌（SHI-59）、肉葡萄球菌＋木糖葡萄球菌（WBX-43）和戊糖片球菌＋木糖葡萄球菌＋肉葡萄球菌＋乳酸片球菌（VBM-60））及8 种单菌（弯曲乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、清酒乳杆菌-1、戊糖片球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、肉葡萄球菌、清酒乳杆菌-2、植物乳杆菌）以107 CFU/g的接种量接种至腌制后的肉馅中,拌馅灌肠后于35 ℃、80%湿度条件下发酵12 h,取样测定发酵后样品的乳酸菌数和细菌总数,再经干燥、蒸煮、烟熏、烘烤制得成品,测定其感官、pH值、色差、质构、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、生物胺及N-亚硝胺含量等指标。结果表明：15 种发酵剂中以木糖葡萄球菌和植物乳杆菌2 种乳酸菌发酵剂应用效果较好,所制得产品pH值分别为5.26和5.04,色泽美观,弹性适中,亚硝酸盐残留量（10.84、10.13 mg/kg）低,可显著抑制N-亚硝胺的形成（N-二甲基亚硝胺含量分别为1.29、2.51 μg/kg）,生物胺总量较低。由此说明,木糖葡萄球菌和植物乳杆菌能够显著提高红肠产品的安全品质。     

添加发酵剂对猪肉脯品质的影响

分别利用戊糖片球菌,植物乳杆菌,肉糖葡萄球菌单一菌种和复合菌种对原料肉进行发酵,生产发酵型猪肉脯,分析了成品质构、水分活度、肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)和感官品质等指标的变化。结果表明:与对照组相比,发酵可以明显改善产品的质构和感官品质。其中经肉糖葡萄球菌和戊糖片球菌复配发酵的产品剪切力可降低39.8%,MFI由对照组42.87提高到84.73。各发酵组的水分活度(Aw)和水分含量无显著区别,但与对照组相比有显著下降(p0.05)。添加肉糖葡萄球菌发酵组和三组复配发酵组猪肉脯感官评分显著高于对照组(p0.05)。     

中式发酵香肠用发酵剂混合菌种的研究

将玫瑰色微球菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌采用正交试验法组合为 9组发酵剂 ,考察了发酵肠的 pH值、水分含量、乳酸菌活菌数、感官品质等的变化规律。结果表明 ,混合球菌更适合于作为发酵肠的发酵剂。经优化组合 ,筛选出了由葡萄球菌、干酪乳杆菌、玫瑰色微球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌等混合菌制备的发酵剂 ,是符合发酵肠GMP要求的快速发酵剂 ,且经济合理 ,并赋予产品良好的风味。发酵条件 :37℃ ,RH >80 % ,2 0h。     

一种混合发酵剂对干发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响

研究了复合发酵剂(戊糖片球菌Pediococcuspentocaceus和木糖葡萄球菌Staphylococcusxylosus)对发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响。通过与单一发酵剂戊糖片球菌和空白组的产胺、微生物生长情况的比较,分析了木糖葡萄球菌对戊糖片球菌在发酵过程中降胺作用的影响。结果表明,木糖葡萄球菌有助于戊糖片球菌进一步降低发酵香肠中的酪胺和色胺的量,分别比单一发酵菌株降低了6.7%、22.83%;三种胺的量比空白组分别降低了94.04%,29.53%,46.59%,从而证实了戊糖片球菌具有降酪胺和色胺的能力。结合微生物菌数可知,木糖葡萄球菌是通过抑制乳酸杂菌的生长促使戊糖片球菌菌数的增加而有利于胺量的降低。     

发酵广式香肠菌种配比优化研究

以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、汉逊德巴利酵母为发酵剂制作广式香肠,通过正交实验确定3种菌的最优配比。实验结果表明,3种菌对广式腊肠发酵品质的影响主次关系为:戊糖片球菌汉逊巴德利酵母植物乳杆菌。当植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌及汉逊德巴利酵母的比例为10:5:5(v/v/v)时,所得的广式发酵香肠品质最佳,其水分含量为18.53%,总酸含量为48.33 g/kg,酸价值为3.43 mg/g,过氧化值为0.03 g/100 g,亚硝酸盐含量为4.64 mg/kg,硬度为14179.5N,弹性为0.84,黏聚性为0.68,耐咀性为8198.01 N,色泽L值为46.66,a*为11.94,b*为11.18,可作为发酵剂生产广式香肠。     

渝黔地区传统酸肉发酵过程中微生物区系研究

目的:对渝黔地区传统酸肉微生物种群进行研究。方法:采用不同的选择培养基对微生物进行分离鉴定和计数。结果:从中分离出乳酸菌、酵母菌、葡萄球菌和微球菌,未发现霉菌。乳酸菌优势菌群主要是片球菌属和乳杆菌属,鉴定12株乳酸菌分别为乳酸链球菌、肠膜明串珠菌、类肠膜明串珠菌、植物乳杆菌、米酒乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、戊糖片球菌、约氏乳杆菌、嗜盐片球菌和啤酒片球菌;优势菌株戊糖片球菌、植物乳杆菌贯穿整个发酵过程。葡萄球菌主要是表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌,其中木糖葡萄球菌为主要发酵菌株。酵母菌主要为汉逊酵母属、接合酵母属、毕赤氏酵母和德巴利酵母属等,鲁氏接合酵母为优势发酵菌株。结论:优势微生物是酸肉风味品质形成的基础,本研究可为高效天然肉制品发酵剂的研究提供生物资源。     

5 种乳酸菌对库车小白杏发酵液理化性质及感官评价的影响

用戊糖片球菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌共5?种乳酸菌发酵库车小白杏，通过比较发酵液在发酵过程中的菌浓度、pH值、总可溶性固形物（total soluble solids，TSS）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）活性等理化特性及发酵结束后的感官评价，筛选出一种或几种适合发酵库车小白杏发酵液的菌株。结果表明，发酵结束后，戊糖片球菌发酵库车小白杏发酵液的SOD活性达到252.63?U/g，活菌数达到8.07（lg（CFU/mL）），TSS含量降至17.1?°Brix，感官总体评价值最佳达到97%。植物乳杆菌发酵的库车小白杏发酵液的SOD活性达到275.87?U/g，感官总体评价几何平均（geometrical mean，GM）值达到88%。嗜酸乳杆菌发酵的库车小白杏发酵液速度最快，活菌数最终达到9.95（lg（CFU/mL）），TSS含量降至16.6?°Brix，但感官总体评价GM值仅为79%。综上所述，戊糖片球菌是最适合发酵库车小白杏的菌种，而植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的适合度仅次于戊糖片球菌。通过比较5?种乳酸菌发酵的库车小白杏发酵液的理化性质和感官评价，可以得出结论，戊糖片球菌最适合发酵库车小白杏。     

香辛料对哈尔滨风干肠菌系及理化性质的影响

以添加混合香辛料的哈尔滨风干肠为研究对象,采用选择培养基对风干肠中的乳酸菌、葡萄球菌、微球菌及酵母菌进行选择性培养,并对风干肠发酵过程中的p H值和水分含量进行测定,研究风干肠中添加的混合香辛料对其加工过程中菌系和理化性质的影响。结果表明:香辛料可以调节风干肠中的乳酸菌、葡萄球菌、微球菌及酵母菌群的生长关系,显著加快风干肠p H值和水分含量的下降速率;混合香辛料的添加有效抑制了风干肠中菌落总数的增加,明显促进了乳酸菌、葡萄球菌、微球菌及酵母菌的生长。混合香辛料对哈尔滨风干肠的菌系有显著影响,菌系的变化进而改变了风干肠的理化性质。     

纯种发酵对小米淀粉分子结构及老化特性的影响

利用自然发酵液中对淀粉老化特性起主要作用的菌种发酵,研究发酵对小米淀粉分子结构及老化特性的影响。采用0.2 g/100 m L的NaOH溶液提取发酵后的小米淀粉,研究不同菌种发酵后对小米淀粉颗粒特性、官能团、分子质量、糊化及老化特性的影响。结果表明:发酵未改变淀粉的偏光十字;植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和屎肠球菌发酵后小米淀粉表面被侵蚀,酿酒酵母及芽孢菌发酵后淀粉颗粒表面侵蚀迹象变重,孔道加深且数量增多;酿酒酵母及芽孢菌发酵后小米淀粉官能团区的峰位未变,但特征峰强度减弱,植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌及屎肠球菌发酵后小米淀粉指纹区图谱部分消失;植物乳杆菌发酵后Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区的重均、数均分子质量较小米淀粉降低。戊糖片球菌、屎肠球菌、酿酒酵母发酵后Ⅰ区的重均分子质量升高,数均分子质量降低,Ⅱ区重均、数均分子质量降低。芽孢菌发酵后Ⅰ区的数均分子质量略有升高,Ⅱ区重均、数均分子质量降低。植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌及屎肠球菌发酵后淀粉的糊化温度、回生值及最终黏度降低,热焓值升高。酿酒酵母发酵后糊化温度及回生值降低,最终黏度及热焓值升高。发酵使淀粉的分子结构、支链淀粉及直链淀粉分子发生改变,短期抗老化性能提高。     

发酵剂对发酵香肠微生物及理化特性的影响

采用3种复合型发酵剂(VBL-97、VBM-60、SHI-59)和1种单一型发酵剂(BOM-13)生产发酵香肠,研究不同发酵剂对发酵香肠微生物及理化性质的影响。结果表明4组发酵香肠在发酵和成熟过程中,乳酸菌始终保持为优势菌,当达到成熟时,乳酸菌数在7.21~8.13 lgcfu/g范围内,葡萄球菌(除BOM-13外)高于5.50 lgcfu/g,肠杆菌科菌数低于3.00 lgcfu/g。BOM-13型发酵剂由单一清酒乳杆菌组成,发酵和成熟时间长于其他三组,所以成品的硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS值,0.84 mg/100 g)和非蛋白氮值(NPN,0.46%)高于其它3组产品。由此可知由于发酵剂组成不同,相应地发酵条件(温度和时间)和成熟时间亦不同,但最终四种发酵剂都可生产出高品质产品(p H值5.3;AW0.82;NPN值高;TBARS值1.0 mg/kg;乳酸菌为优势菌且7.0 lgcfu/g;肠杆菌科菌3.0lgcfu/g)。VBL-97型发酵剂产酸能力和抗氧化能力强,而BOM-13型发酵香肠蛋白分解程度最高。     

Dry sausage fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains

The ability of three probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG, E-97800 and LC-705 and one commercial Pediococcus pentosaceus starter strain (control) to produce dry sausage was studied. During the fermentation process the numbers of inoculated lactic acid bacteria increased from approx. 7 log10 to 8-9 log10 cfu/g and the pH values decreased from 5.6 to 4.9-5.0. The sensory test indicated that the dry sausages fermented by L. rhamnosus LC-705 were inferior to the control sausages. The presence of inoculated experimental strains as predominant organisms in the dry sausages was recognised on the basis of their genetic fingerprints by ribotyping. The concentrations of biogenic amines remained low during the ripening process. These results indicated that the studied Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains, especially strains GG and E-97800, are suitable for use as probiotic starter cultures in fermenting dry sausage.     

The occurrence and growth of microorganisms during the fermentation of fish sausage

Minced fish (mullet) sausage mixes containing added sugar, salt, nitrate, nitrite and spices were fermented (48 h, 30 degrees C) by indigenous flora or by a starter culture (Pediococcus acidilactici) and the microbial ecology and behaviour of various bacteria was monitored. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus plantarum dominated the indigenous fermentation, achieving populations of 10(7)-10(8) cfu/g by 48 h, and decreasing the pH of the mix to 4.5-4.7. Significant growth (10(5)-10(7) cfu/g) of Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Micrococcus varians and Micrococcus luteus also occurred during this fermentation. Less growth was exhibited by Bacillus megaterium and yeasts. Pediococcus acidilactici dominated the fermentation when it was inoculated as a starter culture, but indigenous lactic acid bacteria (P. pentosaceus and L. plantarum) also grew to 10(7)-10(8) cfu/g. The growth of other bacteria and yeasts was restricted during fermentation with starter culture. Inoculated Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella sofia, and Staphylococcus aureus grew to 10(6)-10(7) cfu/g in the sausage mix during indigenous fermentation. Lesser growth occurred for Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Growth of these bacteria was significantly inhibited in sausage mix fermented with P. acidilactici.     

Microbiological and sensory quality of dry fermented sausages containing alginate-microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri

The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri was added to dry sausage batter, without or after being microencapsulated in alginate using either extrusion or emulsion technology. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Staphylococcus carnosus were added at 7 log cfu/g as starter cultures for fermentation. The sausage batter was stuffed in 55 mm fibrous casings and fermented, with smoking, at 相似文献   

Flavour profiles of dry sausages fermented by selected novel meat starter cultures

Probiotic or bioprotective Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG, LC-705 and E-97800 as well as Pediococcus pentosaceus E-90390 and Lactobacillus plantarum E-98098 were studied for their ability to act as main fermenting organisms in the manufacturing process of dry sausages. In the preliminary tests, their abilities to produce lactic acid and biogenic amines, histamine or tyramine, were studied in MRS broth and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The strains produced higher or equal amounts of lactic acid compared to control and were amine negative. During the actual fermentation process of dry sausages the numbers of inoculated bacteria increased from the level 6.5-7.0 log cfu/g to 8.0-9.0 log cfu/g. The most fast growing strains were P. pentosaceus E-90390 and the control while the growth of L. plantarum E-98098 and L. rhamnosus LC-705 were the slowest. The pH value of the sausages decreased from 5.6 to 4.9-5.0. The presence of these experimental strains as major organisms in the sausages after fermentation and ripening was confirmed on the bases of their genetic fingerprints. The flavour profiles of the experimental sausages produced by these probiotic or protective strains were similar with that produced by the commercial meat starter culture and commercial North European dry sausage recipe.     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dry fermented sausages containing micro-encapsulated probiotic lactic acid bacteria

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is capable of surviving the rigorous processing steps during the manufacture of dry fermented sausages. The effect of adding two probiotic organisms, Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium longum as co-cultures with the meat starter cultures Pediococcus pentosaceus and Staphylococcus carnosus on the viability of E. coli O157:H7 in dry fermented sausages was studied. A 5 strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 was added at 7.4 log cfu/g to the sausage batter and challenged with either or both Lb. reuteri or B. longum before or after they were micro-encapsulated. Sausages were fermented at < or = 26 degrees C and 88% relative humidity (RH) followed by drying at 75% RH and 13 degrees C for 25 d. The pH, water activity (aw), protein, moisture, and numbers of all inoculated organisms were monitored during processing. The pH and aw decreased from 5.7 and 0.98 to 4.9 and 0.88 at the end of fermentation and drying, respectively. These processes reduced E. coli O157:H7 by 1.0 and 0.7 log cfu/g at the end of fermentation and drying, respectively. Unencapsulated Lb. reuteri with or without B. longum reduced E. coli O157:H7 by 3.0 log cfu/g and B. longum caused a 1.9 log cfu/g reduction. While micro-encapsulation increased survival of Lb. reuteri and B. longum, it reduced their inhibitory action against E. coli O157:H7.     

低盐发酵香肠用优良菌株的分离筛选及鉴定

从10 种我国自然发酵制品中分离纯化得到52 株乳酸菌及56 株过氧化氢酶阳性球菌,首先通过菌株耐受性、发酵特性等指标对菌株进行初步筛选,然后利用抑菌特性和风味特性对菌株进行复筛,选择可能改善低盐发酵香肠安全性和风味的优良菌株,最终筛选得到3 株葡萄球菌Z9、L2和R2,以及4 株乳酸菌P6、P12、X和SN1-3。经由形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对筛选得到的菌株进行鉴定,结果表明,葡萄球菌菌株Z9、L2为腐生葡萄球菌,R2为肉葡萄球菌;乳酸菌菌株P6、P12均为植物乳杆菌,X为干酪乳杆菌,SN1-3为戊糖片球菌。最后测定菌株的生长特性及产酸能力,研究菌株间的拮抗特性,最终筛选得到戊糖片球菌SN1-3与肉葡萄球菌R2作为制作发酵香肠的复配菌株。     

发酵剂对发酵香肠食用品质的影响及其在不同直径香肠中的应用

以商业发酵剂（木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌）为对照组,不同发酵剂组合（木糖葡萄球菌＋副干酪乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋副干酪乳杆菌）为实验组,通过对发酵香肠水分含量、pH值、水分活度、色泽、质地、风味和感官品质等指标进行测定,确定最佳发酵剂及适宜发酵的香肠直径。结果表明：相较于商业发酵剂,木糖葡萄球菌与副干酪乳杆菌组合发酵的香肠总体可接受性相对较高,且庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、乳酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、2-甲基丙酸乙酯等愉悦风味物质为该组独有,其特征主要表现为更加浓郁的清新味、甜香味、果香味和花香味;适宜的直径（21 mm）、水分含量（（25.40±0.00）%）和硬度（（2 812.46±767.93）g）以及相对较高的pH值（pH 5.57±0.02）是该组发酵香肠口感显著高于其他2 组的重要原因。因此,木糖葡萄球菌与副干酪乳杆菌组合发酵的小直径香肠食用品质最佳。     

不同菌种组合对发酵广式香肠品质的影响

广式腊肠为我国传统特色肉制品,深受广大消费者的喜爱。随着对我国传统肉制品品质、安全性和现代加工技术的重视,对广式腊肠的研究逐渐增多,但对发酵剂用于广式香肠的研究相对较少。本文以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、汉逊德巴利酵母为发酵剂制作发酵广式香肠,研究了不同发酵剂组合对发酵广式香肠理化性质的影响,结果表明不同比例组合发酵剂对发酵广式香肠品质影响不同,当菌种的接种量为106 cfu/g肉时,由植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌组合的发酵剂(2:1,V/V)时,发酵的香肠品质最佳,其水分含量为19.93%,pH值为5.95,总酸含量为35.6 g/kg,酸价为3.38 mg/g,过氧化值为0.059 g/100 g,亚硝酸盐残留量为4.46 mg/kg,弹性为0.93,硬度为9498.86 N,粘聚性为0.79,咀嚼性为6917.93 N,L*值为50.86,a*值为6.66,b*为3.87。采用复合菌剂生产的肉制品的理化特性明显优于自然发酵的肉制品。