冻藏对小麦淀粉理化性质及热力学特性的影响

研究了冻藏对小麦淀粉颗粒表面形态、理化性质、热力学性质及凝沉特性的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)检测冻藏小麦淀粉颗粒,发现部分淀粉颗粒表面有破损;对冻藏后的小麦淀粉溶解度、粘度、膨润力、蓝值等进行测定,结果显示冻藏后淀粉溶解度和粘度分别增大了48.6%、43.2%;膨润力、蓝值分别降低8.41%、28.5%;采用示差量热扫描(DSC)测定冻藏小麦淀粉热力学性质变化,发现冻藏小麦淀粉糊化热焓降低了47.3%,糊化温度起止范围降低了10.60%;凝沉值降低了47.2%。研究表明冻藏后的小麦淀粉颗粒形态,理化性质、热力学性质均发生了明显改变。     

脱胚玉米与加酶和不加酶挤压脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒结构和热特性研究

为研究不加酶和加酶挤压对脱胚玉米颗粒结构和热性能影响,采用扫描电镜的方法观察玉米淀粉颗粒形态,采用X-射线测定脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒晶体类型,运用差示扫描量热法分析玉米淀粉的热特性,并测定其糊化度。通过扫描电镜观察未经过挤压的脱胚玉米颗粒表面光滑完整,未加酶挤压和加酶挤压的脱胚玉米颗粒形态遭到破坏,整体结构不完整,表面出现孔洞;X-射线实验测得未挤压脱胚玉米结晶度为15.84,未加酶挤压脱胚玉米结晶度为5.63,加酶挤压脱胚玉米结晶度为7.94;DSC测试结果为未挤压脱胚玉米、未加酶挤压脱胚玉米和加酶挤压脱胚玉米的起始温度分别为46.97、43.11、48.18℃,峰值温度分别为98.63、93.61、98.25℃,结束温度分别为196.79、185.20、188.54℃,焓变分别为325.40、271.30、284.80 J/g;测得糊化度值分别为0.16、0.87、0.61。表明挤压能够破坏脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒完整度,部分微晶结构遭到破坏,结晶度降低,焓变值降低,糊化度增加;加酶挤压脱胚玉米焓变值高于未加酶挤压脱胚玉米,糊化度低于未加酶挤压脱胚玉米。     

普鲁兰酶酶解对葛根淀粉理化特性的影响

研究了普鲁兰酶酶解对颗粒态葛根淀粉理化特性的影响。采用快速黏度分析仪（RVA）、差示量热扫描仪（DSC）、偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、激光粒度仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）对酶解前后葛根淀粉的糊化特性、抗性淀粉含量、热性能、形貌、颗粒大小、结晶结构和分子结构进行了分析。结果表明,酶解后葛根淀粉的峰值黏度和崩解值分别降低了28.33%和94.69%,谷值黏度、最终黏度和回生值分别增加了12.53%、12.47%和12.37%;抗性淀粉含量从1.29%上升至4.60%。酶解后淀粉的偏光十字仍然存在,但颗粒发生膨胀,粒度变大,表层出现剥离;DSC吸热峰向高温区偏移,但吸热焓下降;酶解促进了淀粉分子短程有序结构的生成;葛根淀粉经酶解后,其相对结晶度从37.31%降低至29.10%。     

挤压对糙米中淀粉理化性质的影响

本文研究了挤压对糙米淀粉糊化和热力学性质、结晶结构、支链淀粉分支链长等的影响。结果表明,挤压处理使糙米淀粉的峰值粘度、回生值和热焓值分别由1811 cP、1677 cP和9.41 J/g降低至107 cP、53 cP和0.97 J/g,淀粉发生糊化。糙米淀粉X-射线衍射峰的强度和位置在挤压后均发生变化,淀粉结晶结构由A型转变为V型,相对结晶度由31.33%降至20.95%。傅立叶变换红外光谱图中1047 cm-1/1022 cm-1的比率由挤压前的0.811下降为挤压后的0.732,表明挤压使淀粉结晶区比例降低。同时,挤压后淀粉-碘复合物吸收光谱强度增加,说明挤压使直链淀粉比例增加。阴离子交换色谱结果显示,挤压后支链淀粉A链（DP6-12）比例增加,B1链（DP13-24）和B2链（DP25-36）比例减少,证明支链淀粉发生降解。此外,扫描电子显微镜结果表明,挤压产物中淀粉颗粒变大,淀粉表面变得粗糙且有褶皱和裂痕。     

阿魏酸对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,分别通过扫描电镜分析、傅里叶红外图谱分析、X-衍射图谱分析、差示扫描量热仪分析及快速黏度测试仪(RVA)分析,研究了添加0、5%、10%、15%、20%(w/w淀粉干基)阿魏酸后小麦淀粉的微观形貌、结晶性质、热力学特性及糊化特性。结果表明:随着阿魏酸含量的增加,淀粉表面不规程度增加,致密性降低;阿魏酸添加量至10%时,T₀(糊化初始温度)、T_P(糊化峰值温度)、T_C(糊化最终温度)和ΔH(糊化焓值)发生显著降低(p<0.05),说明阿魏酸的添加降低了小麦淀粉的稳定性;红外光谱表明,添加阿魏酸后,小麦淀粉在(1045/1022) cm-1峰强度比值减小,说明添加阿魏酸后小麦淀粉有序性降低;X-衍射图谱表明,糊化后小麦淀粉由原来的A型变为B+V型,并表现出酸的衍射峰明显,说明阿魏酸与小麦淀粉未形成包合物。RVA分析表明,添加阿魏酸降低了小麦淀粉的峰值粘度、保持粘度、最终粘度和回升值降低,而崩解值增大,说明阿魏酸抑制了小麦淀粉的老化进程,扫描电镜分析也证明了阿魏酸抑制了淀粉的老化过程。     

挤压膨化对紫糙米粉营养品质及理化性质的影响

以紫糙米为原料,采用双螺杆挤压膨化技术制备紫糙米挤压粉,分析其挤压前后营养成分、水合性质、糊化特性、热特性以及流变特性等理化性质的变化。结果表明:与原料粉相比,经挤压处理的紫糙米粉总淀粉、支链淀粉、脂肪含量分别下降了12.45%、16.03%、67.45%;蛋白质、总氨基酸、钙和锌含量变化不显著（P>0.05）;总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷含量分别减少了23.70%、28.34%和29.16%,抗氧化性活性减弱。水溶性指数与吸水性指数分别提高了2.80和1.07倍,颜色加深。同一剪切速率下,挤压粉具有更低的剪切应力,更易搅拌。RVA及DSC结果显示,紫糙米挤压粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值分别下降了3528.50、2038.83、1489.00、3975.33、1937.00 cP,糊化度为93.15%,糊化焓由5.23 J/g下降至0.74 J/g,表明大部分的淀粉已糊化。据此说明,紫糙米挤压粉营养价值保留仍处于较高水平,水合能力显著提升,食用口感佳,具有较好的应用价值。     

挤压糊化处理对苦荞粉理化性质的影响

为研究挤压糊化处理对苦荞粉理化性质的影响,利用单螺杆挤压机对苦荞粉进行挤压糊化处理,得到糊化 度分别为37.7%、56.3%、74.3%及94.2%的苦荞粉,并对其基本成分、水合特性、糊化特性、热力学特性及微观结 构进行测定。结果表明：随着糊化度增加,淀粉、蛋白质及灰分质量分数总体无显著变化（P＞0.05）,总黄酮和 脂肪质量分数显著减少（P＜0.05）,颜色变深;破损淀粉质量分数、吸水性指数及保水性显著增加（P＜0.05）; 快速黏度分析结果表明挤压处理苦荞粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值下降,峰值时间缩短;扫描电子显 微镜结果表明,苦荞粉颗粒为圆形或不规则多边形,而挤压糊化处理后苦荞粉颗粒没有固定形态,表面粗糙且有裂 纹和小孔。上述理化性质的研究可为进一步的机理及应用研究提供参考。     

湿热处理对马铃薯淀粉超高压糊化的影响

目的 研究湿热处理对马铃薯淀粉超高压糊化的影响。方法 将经过不同时间湿热处理的样品进行不同压力的超高压处理, 采用偏光显微、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热、快速粘度分析等技术对马铃薯淀粉样品颗粒形貌、结晶结构、糊化特性热特性进行研究。结果 湿热处理增加了马铃薯淀粉的相对结晶度及糊化焓值, 提升了糊化温度。同时通过改变淀粉颗粒内部结构, 引起淀粉分子吸水性降低, 进而导致淀粉膨胀性变差, 粘度降低, 粘度曲线由A型向D型转变。无论湿热与否, 淀粉在400~600 MPa超高压处理过程中, 其相对结晶度、糊化焓值均降低, 但与原淀粉相比, 湿热处理后淀粉在超高压处理过程中相对结晶度和糊化焓值降低程度减小。结论 马铃薯淀粉水分含量为30%(m:m)时, 90 ℃湿热处理5~15 h导致淀粉颗粒内部结构更为致密, 增加其压力抵抗性, 延缓了超高压糊化过程。     

茶多酚对籼米淀粉回生抑制作用的研究

研究了天然抗氧化提取物茶多酚（TPLs）对籼米淀粉回生的影响。采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）评价茶多酚对淀粉回生的抑制作用。结果表明,淀粉的糊化温度和焓值随着TPLs添加量的增加而明显降低,添加16%TPLs（基于淀粉重）淀粉样品的糊化To、Tp和Tc分别提前8.93、5.69和5.13℃,糊化焓值则降低2.27J/g;在4℃下贮存,淀粉的回生焓值和重结晶随着TPLs添加量的增加逐渐降低,添加16%TPLs（基于淀粉重）的糊化淀粉样品贮存15d后没有出现回生焓值以及重结晶。在SEM相同放大倍数下回生淀粉颗粒形貌显示,随着TPLs添加量的增加颗粒逐渐减小并呈网孔状。以上结果证明,茶多酚对籼米淀粉回生有显著抑制作用。     

亚糊化热处理对玉米淀粉-胡椒碱复合物功能特性的影响

为探究在亚糊化温度下胡椒碱负载于玉米淀粉对其结构和理化特性的影响,本研究选用玉米淀粉在60℃下制备亚糊化玉米淀粉-胡椒碱复合物,并通过扫描电镜、快速糊化粘度测定仪、差示扫描量热、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射等进行了表征。结果表明,胡椒碱成功负载到亚糊化玉米淀粉上,负载率为39.45%;扫描电镜结果显示淀粉颗粒膨胀的裂隙内部成功负载胡椒碱,粒径从天然玉米淀粉的15.20μm增大到亚糊化玉米淀粉的25.80μm,再到亚糊化玉米淀粉-胡椒碱复合物的81.90μm;胡椒碱的加入降低了亚糊化玉米淀粉的峰值粘度和谷值粘度;复合物红外光谱未产生新的基团或化学键,但胡椒碱的加入增强了玉米淀粉与胡椒碱的分子内和分子间氢键作用;X-射线衍射表明相对结晶度从天然玉米淀粉的23.52%升高到亚糊化玉米淀粉-胡椒碱复合物的28.15%,但是亚糊化处理未改变玉米淀粉的晶型结构;与天然玉米淀粉相比,亚糊化玉米淀粉和亚糊化玉米淀粉-胡椒碱复合物的凝胶焓值显著（P<0.05）降低。亚糊化玉米淀粉负载胡椒碱,胡椒碱的加入对亚糊化玉米淀粉的结构影响较小,但对其理化性质产生了显著的影响,并为淀粉与胡椒碱之间的相互作用...     

挤压剪切活化对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响

本研究通过偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、热台显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析、傅里叶变换红 外光谱分析等手段,研究原脱胚玉米、挤压脱胚玉米和添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质变化, 并探究其相互关系,揭示挤压剪切活化对脱胚玉米的淀粉颗粒机械力化学效应。研究表明：与原脱胚玉米和挤压脱 胚玉米相比较,挤压处理对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质产生显著影响,酶解力和糊化度增大,碘 蓝值、直链淀粉含量减小。添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒形貌破坏,偏光十字破坏,结晶度变小;升温糊 化过程中,焓变降低;挤压使淀粉颗粒的结晶结构破坏,淀粉颗粒发生聚集,破损淀粉颗粒易糊化和裂解。     

Effect of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin on physical properties and transition parameters of amylose–lipid complexes of native and acetylated starches

The effect of hydroxpropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) on physical properties and digestibility of wheat, potato, waxy maize and high-amylose maize starches before and after acetylation was studied. Effect of HPβ-CD on amylose–lipid complexes in native and acetylated potato starches synthesized using α-lysophosphatidylcholine was also studied. Acetylation increased swelling factor, amylose leaching, peak viscosity and susceptibility to α-amylase hydrolysis, but decreased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy and gel hardness in all starches. HPβ-CD markedly increased swelling factor and amylose leaching in native and acetylated wheat starches but had little or no impact on other starches. Wheat starch gelatinization enthalpy decreased in the presence of HPβ-CD but gelatinization temperature of all the starches was slightly increased. HPβ-CD had no influence on enzymatic hydrolysis. Melting enthalpy of amylose–lipid complex in both native and acetylated wheat starches was decreased by HPβ-CD. Acetylation also decreased the melting enthalpy of amylose–lipid complex in wheat starch. Similar trend of thermal transitions was observed in the presence of HPβ-CD for the amylose–lipid complexes synthesized in potato starch. Acetylation reduces the complex formation ability of the amylose polymer. Similar to gelatinization, acetylation widened the melting temperature range of amylose–lipid complexes while shifting it to a lower temperature. Higher swelling and amylose leaching, and decreased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy resulting from acetylation of wheat starch is consistent with its influence on starch hydration. Similar effects resulting from the inclusion of HPβ-CD were consistent with the disruption of amylose–lipid complex by HPβ-CD which promotes granular hydration.     

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma improved the fine structure,physicochemical properties and digestibility of α-amylase enzymatic wheat starch

Plasma is growingly used in the modification of starch granules as an emerging non-thermal technology. The study was aimed to investigate the improving role that the plasma process plays in the structure, physicochemical and functional properties of enzymatic starch. Therefore, this work modified wheat starch by α-amylase (20, 40 and 60 U/mL), assisted by post-processing plasma technology for different durations (2, 6 and 10 min). When the plasma and α-amylase were applied to wheat starch, respectively, the molecular weight, amylopectin side chains, crystallinity, R_1047/1022 value, swelling power and pasting viscosity decreased significantly. In contrast, the gelatinization temperatures, enthalpy and resistant starch (RS) enhanced particularly compared with the native starch. Notably, enzymatic starch assisted by plasma post-treatment exhibited more severe surface damage and lower crystallinity, short-range order, more linear short chains, and higher RS content than single modified starch. Furthermore, the principal components analysis indicated that the physicochemical characteristics of starch were highly connected with the change of the molecular structure. Thus, the α-amylase hydrolysis combined with the plasma process exhibited a remarkable ability to modify starch with new characteristics and can be used to produce food with low digestibility.     

Changes in the structural and physicochemical characterization of pea starch modified by Bacillus-produced α-amylase

In this study, changes in structural and physicochemical properties of pea starch treated with Bacillus-produced α-amylase were determined. The results showed that enzymatically modified pea starch had lower amylose content and granule size but higher branching degree and relative crystallinity. After enzyme hydrolysis, the distribution of A and B1 chains slightly decreased, while the distribution of B2 and B3 chains increased lightly. Enzymatic hydrolysis preferentially occurred in the amorphous region and cannot change the crystalline structure of pea starch. Moreover, pea starch showed lower light transmittance, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, pasting temperature, shear viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus, while the oil adsorption capacity and gelatinization enthalpy significantly increased with increasing α-amylase hydrolysis time. Correlation analysis indicated that α-amylase hydrolysis had different effects on different pea varieties. This research could provide ideas for exploring new applications for enzymatically modified pea starch in food industry.Industrial relevanceThis study found that Bacillus-produced α-amylase significantly changed the amylose content, granule size and viscosity of pea starch, which was helpful to further investigate the modified starch. This technology is expected to widen the applications of pea starch modified by Bacillus-produced α-amylase in food industry, for example as thickener, stabilizer and beverage, to improve the texture, stability and shelf-life of various food products.     

大米蛋白对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速粘度仪(RVA)、X-射线衍射等研究添加不同比例大米蛋白对小麦淀粉理化特性的热力学特性、糊化特性、流变学特性、X-射线衍射以及冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明,添加大米蛋白的小麦淀粉糊化温度增加,糊化焓值降低。随着大米蛋白添加量的增加,小麦淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、终值黏度降和回生值分别从5266、3098、2168、4755、1657 cP降低到4003、2969、1034、4439、1470 cP,糊化温度从72.50 ℃增加到76.00 ℃。大米蛋白会抑制淀粉中结晶的溶解。同时,添加大米蛋白会使小麦淀粉凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量均降低,凝胶强度变弱,冻融稳定性降低。     

脱胚玉米在加酶挤压过程中化学成分的变化

为了研究添加酶制剂的脱胚玉米在挤压机内部化学性质的变化情况,将正常工作的挤压机急停,迅速左右分开套筒,沿螺杆分段采集样品,分析挤压物的化学组成及降解特性。脱胚玉米在螺纹推送下由松散状态逐渐被压实,在螺杆前端发生塑性形变进而熔融。挤压脱胚玉米和挤压添加酶制剂脱胚玉米中的淀粉、直链淀粉和脂肪含量沿物料输送方向降低,而糊化度、还原糖和抗性淀粉含量逐渐增加。添加酶制剂的挤压脱胚玉米与挤压脱胚玉米相比较,在相同取料部位,淀粉、直链淀粉、抗性淀粉含量和糊化度降低,而还原糖含量增加。挤压改变了脱胚玉米成分的含量以及淀粉糊化和水解特性,酶制剂在挤压过程提升了淀粉的水解特性,但缺降低了糊化度。然而由于挤压剪切的破坏,酶活性沿物料输送方向降低。通过对脱胚玉米挤压机理的研究,可以更好地为脱胚玉米挤压蒸煮系统的设计和参数选择提供科学依据和理论基础。     

Physicochemical property changes in wheat starch by ultra-fine pulverization

This study was performed to analyze the effects of ultra-fine pulverization (UFP) on the physicochemical properties of wheat starch (WS) using a high impact planetary mill. The average diameter and specific surface area of the WS was decreased from 15.15 to 9.10 μm and from 1.043 to 1.994 m²/g, respectively, throughout UFP. UFP significantly increased damaged starch content from 17.5 to 83.7%. The pulverized wheat starch (PWS) had higher swelling power, solubility, and transmittance values than WS between a temperature range of 50 and 90°C. X-Ray diffractograms revealed WS had an A-type pattern, which disappeared in PWS which showed a broad V-type pattern. The rapid visco analyzer (RVA) characteristics, peak viscosity, break down, and set back of WS were absent in PWS and flattened viscosity was shown. In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves, peak temperature (T_p), and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔE) were decreased in PWS compared to WS. The enzymatic (α-amylase) digestibilities of WC and PWS were 67.4 and 75.2%, respectively.     

冻藏处理对糯玉米淀粉微观结构和理化特性的影响

将新鲜糯玉米进行不同冻藏时间（0、10、20、30 d）的处理，通过傅里叶红外光谱仪、便携式拉曼光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、差示扫描量热仪、快速黏度分析仪等研究冻藏处理对其内部淀粉微观结构和理化性能的影响规律，以期为延缓其品质劣变提供基础数据。结果表明：冻藏处理导致糯玉米淀粉的R1 045/1 022减小，半峰宽增大，相对结晶度降低，淀粉颗粒表面出现凹陷和破碎，粒径变小，且随着冻藏时间的延长，冻藏对玉米淀粉微观结构的破坏更加明显；糯玉米经冻藏处理后，其淀粉的糊化温度、糊化焓值、峰值黏度、崩解值下降，最终黏度和回生值升高，表明冻藏淀粉更容易发生糊化，且糊化黏度降低，但淀粉热糊的稳定性有所提高，更容易发生老化。此外，冻藏处理还可导致玉米淀粉内的抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉转变为快消化淀粉，表明冻藏具有提高鲜食玉米的消化速率和程度的潜力。     

聚葡萄糖对大米淀粉凝胶老化特性的影响

为探究聚葡萄糖(PD)对大米淀粉(RS)凝胶老化特性的影响,利用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究聚葡萄糖对大米淀粉糊化黏度特性、热特性、晶体结构和微观结构的影响。结果表明,随着聚葡萄糖添加量的增大,大米淀粉糊化的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值均显著下降(p<0.05);但是糊化温度升高,大米淀粉的糊化焓值和老化焓值均显著降低(p<0.05),大米淀粉凝胶的相对结晶度从14.09%降到8.61%。SEM结果表明添加聚葡萄糖后,大米淀粉凝胶孔洞变小,表面更致密、光滑,说明聚葡萄糖可以抑制大米淀粉凝胶的重结晶,延缓大米淀粉凝胶的老化。