食品中赭曲霉毒素A检测方法研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等有毒真菌产生的一类次级代谢产物,是常见污染食品的五大真菌毒素之一,具有较强的肾毒性、肝毒性、神经毒性和免疫毒性,以及致畸、致癌和致突变作用。OTA广泛存在于各种谷物及其制品、葡萄与葡萄酒、咖啡等多种食品原料及其成品中,严重威胁人体健康,因此有必要建立快速、准确、灵敏的OTA检测方法。针对食品中OTA的检测,目前已经拥有许多方法,如薄层色谱法,高效液相色谱法,液相-质谱联用法以及酶联免疫吸附法等。本研究对赭曲霉毒素A不同检测方法的原理、优缺点等进行归纳总结,旨在为食品中OTA的检测提供支持。     

葡萄上赭曲霉毒素A产生机制及生物检测方法研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)主要由赭曲霉、黑曲霉及青霉菌的某些菌株产生,具有多种毒性,葡萄及其制品中OTA污染在全球范围内普遍存在,严重影响人类和动植物的健康。控制OTA的方法已经有许多研究,其中生物方法安全环保是目前研究的热点,而认识OTA来源及产生机制是生物防治污染的基础,随着分子生物学的发展,一些新型的分子快速检测方法已经被研究出来。对OTA的毒理特性、污染及来源、产毒机制、分子生物学快速检测手段等方面进行了综述,为寻求有效的控制产毒和降解毒素方法提供理论参考,以期降低OTA污染。     

葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的污染与控制研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)是葡萄及其制品中最常见的真菌毒素,主要由炭黑曲霉产生,具肾毒性和致癌性。葡萄及其制品中OTA污染普遍存在,且有超标现象,需持续关注,保持警惕。OTA污染程度受产毒菌、环境条件以及加工方式等影响,其中高温、高湿、虫害等可能造成毒素累积。本文就葡萄及其制品中OTA污染状况和防控技术的最新研究展开综述,明晰了葡萄及其制品中OTA污染现状及其产生的关键因素,认清了葡萄在生产加工中OTA污染的关键控制点,综合分析了OTA毒素污染的防控技术,提出了今后防控策略研究方向,为实际生产中采取针对性的控制措施减轻OTA的污染提供理论参考。     

葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的污染现状及检测技术研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A, OTA)是由青霉属与曲霉属真菌产生的次级代谢产物之一,容易污染葡萄及其制品,是葡萄产业面临的重要问题之一。OTA具有急性、慢性、压慢性毒性,对消费者健康存在潜在威胁。鉴于OTA的污染和毒性,世界各地对其制定了严苛的限量标准。因此,快速、高效、灵敏的OTA的检测技术的开发与应用备受关注。本文综述了葡萄及其制品中OTA的污染现状,以及葡萄和葡萄制品生产过程中影响OTA污染的因素,总结了近年来OTA传统检测技术的发展,重点介绍了标记型与非标记型电化学适配体传感器的研究进展,讨论了不同检测技术的优势和局限性,展望了OTA检测技术的发展,为葡萄及其制品中OTA的研究提供了理论基础。     

葡萄赭曲霉毒素污染及其产毒素菌株的筛选方法研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin,OTA)是由曲霉属和青霉属等真菌产生的一类真菌毒素,其毒性很强,分布广泛,对人类和动植物的健康有着巨大的影响。葡萄及其制品是食品中OTA的主要来源之一,从病害的葡萄表面筛选分离产生赭曲霉毒素的菌株是最常用的研究产毒素菌株的方法。由于产毒素菌株主要分布在葡萄果实的表面,葡萄组织受损后会极大提高赭曲霉素的污染程度,研究产毒菌株分布及产毒素能力对控制赭曲霉素污染及寻找一种有效地生物防治方法提供参考。本文综述了葡萄赭曲霉毒素的污染情况及其产毒素菌株的筛选方法,为控制葡萄及其产品中的OTA污染提供依据。     

葡萄中产赭曲霉毒素A炭黑曲霉的控制方法

炭黑曲霉(Aspergillus carbonarius)属曲霉属黑色曲霉菌,是葡萄中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)主要产生菌,广泛存在于许多国家和地区的葡萄及其制品中,是造成葡萄酒中OTA污染的主要来源。控制这些霉菌的生长与产毒是从源头上减少葡萄原料及其制品OTA污染的关键环节,有关炭黑曲霉的污染规律及其控制方法方面的研究成为近年来的国际研究热点。根据已有研究,紫外线照射、杀菌剂、二氧化硫、纳他霉素、多酚、香精油、天然提取物和挥发性化合物等都能够在一定条件下对炭黑曲霉的生长与产生OTA的能力产生一定的抑制作用。最新研究发现,酵母、细菌和一些非产毒真菌及其代谢产物也对炭黑曲霉的生长和OTA产生具有良好抑制作用,而且具有无毒无害,安全性好等优点,在实际应用中展示出很好的应用潜力,越来越受到相关科研工作者和应用者的重视。本文主要围绕上述研究内容,对国内外近年来的相关研究进展进行综述。     

赭曲霉毒素A检测方法的研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)是一种具有极端毒性、污染广泛及危害严重的次级代谢产物。由于赭曲霉毒素A具有这些特点且食品安全问题越来越被人们广泛关注, 所以确定食品和商品中的OTA污染水平非常重要。目前对于OTA的检测, 已经建立了非常多的分析手段, 如薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography, TLC)、高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、酶联免疫技术(enzyme linked immunosorlent assay, ELISA)、时间分辨荧光免疫分析技术(time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, TRFIA)等。本文综述了多种赭曲霉毒素A的检测分析方法, 简介了它们的优缺点及研究进展, 并进行了比较, 以期为食品中赭曲霉毒素A的检测研究提供一些参考。     

控制葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)是一种有毒的真菌次级代谢产物,在葡萄及其制品中经常被检出。本文综述了控制葡萄及其制品中OTA的主要措施,包括抑制OTA产生菌的生长及其产毒和去除已产生的OTA两方面。葡萄中的致病菌主要是青霉和曲霉,而炭黑曲霉是其中最主要OTA产生菌,通过模拟葡萄生长及葡萄制品的生产过程,发现温度、光照、湿度等因素是影响OTA产生菌的生长及其产毒的重要因素。去除OTA的方法概括的分为物理方法、化学方法、生物方法,其中生物降解OTA是目前研究的热点。     

葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A的研究进展

赭曲霉素A（OTA）是一种真菌毒素,常见于谷物、谷物产品、水果、咖啡、葡萄干、葡萄酒和啤酒中。由于OTA在食物中稳定且不易分解,对人体构成了一种潜在的危害,国际癌症研究机构（IARC）已将其定义为group2B类致癌物。欧洲各国已经对赭曲霉素A进行限量,也制定了相应的官方检测方法。对葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A的性质、毒性、污染现状、产生菌、影响因素和测定方法进行了综述。     

葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A污染情况及其分析方法的研究进展

葡萄酒作为一种酒精饮料,对众多国家的经济贡献是显著的。然而,该商品容易被某些真菌产生的霉菌毒素所污染,其中最受关注的是产赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)的炭黑曲霉。赭曲霉毒素A是葡萄酒中主要存在的霉菌毒素,严重影响着人类的健康。因此,葡萄酒的风险监测和暴露研究至关重要。本研究重点阐述了OTA的生物合成途径及其调控机制,同时,介绍了酿酒过程中OTA的变化情况以及控制和检测OTA的方法,旨在为保证葡萄酒产品的质量安全提供一些理论参考。     

坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染、检测与控制

坚果和干果在生产、加工和储藏过程中易受到黄曲霉毒素污染。黄曲霉毒素是一类毒性极强的真菌毒素, 其中黄曲霉毒素B1污染最普遍、毒性最强, 其易引发急、慢性毒性, 致癌、致畸、免疫抑制等多种危害, 严重威胁果品安全, 危害人类健康。坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素污染状况的阐释能够更加明晰其在不同果品中的污染差异, 为有针对性地控制毒素污染奠定了基础。坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的准确检测是分析其污染状况的前提。另外, 如何防控黄曲霉毒素在坚果和干果中的污染, 降低黄曲霉毒素对人类健康的影响, 一直是研究的重点。本文对国内外坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染情况及限量标准, 黄曲霉毒素的检测方法和防控措施进行了综述, 以期为坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染控制提供理论基础和指导。     

Occurrence of total aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and their impact on dietary exposure of children and teenagers in Beirut

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly present in food and constituting a potential threat to food safety. Total aflatoxins (AFT), ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are among the most widespread mycotoxins. We assessed the occurrence of AFT, OTA and DON in some foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and evaluated the potential risk to the health of children and teenagers in Beirut from dietary exposure to these mycotoxins. Analytical data on the contamination of raw and processed cereals and cereal-based products, pulses and nuts were collected. The mean levels of AFT, OTA and DON were calculated for each food items. Levels of dietary exposure were obtained by combining food consumption data with the mean mycotoxin levels, adopting a deterministic approach. Intakes were calculated for average and high consumers (75th and 95th percentile) among children and teenagers, and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) or provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of the respective mycotoxin. The results showed that mycotoxin levels in the food samples were generally below national/European maximum limits. However, high levels of AFT, OTA and DON were found in some samples of nuts, biscuits and bread. The calculated intake for AFT exceeded its respective PTDI in all groups by a factor ranging from 3 to 7. The intakes of OTA and DON were found to be below the threshold of toxicological concern established for these mycotoxins by international expert groups, although the intake of DON in children at the highest percentile (P95) was close to its PTDI. Our study highlights the need to reconsider the maximum permissible levels of total aflatoxins in some foodstuffs and to establish regulatory guidelines regarding OTA and DON. The results also emphasise the need for routine monitoring of the levels of mycotoxin contamination in foodstuffs that are highly consumed by Lebanese children and teenagers, i.e. cereals and cereal-based products.     

Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: A review

Botanicals are used in many countries for medicinal and general health-promoting purposes. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits have been reported. Aflatoxins or ochratoxin A (OTA) have been found in botanicals such as ginseng, ginger, liquorice, turmeric, and kava-kava in the USA, Spain, Argentina, India, and some other countries, while fumonisins have been found in medicinal wild plants in South Africa and in herbal tea and medicinal plants in Turkey. Zearalenone was identified in ginseng root. Dried fruits can be contaminated with aflatoxins, OTA, kojic acid, and, occasionally, with patulin or zearalenone. One main area of concern is aflatoxins in dried figs; bright greenish yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light is associated with aflatoxin contamination. OTA in dried vine fruits (raisins, sultanas, and currants) is another concern. There are also reports of aflatoxins in raisins and OTA in dried figs, apricots, dried plums (prunes), dates, and quince. Maximum permitted levels in the European Union include 4 µg kg^-1 for total aflatoxins in dried fruit intended for direct consumption and 10 µg kg^-1 for OTA in dried vine fruit. This review discusses the occurrence of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits and analytical issues such as sampling, sample preparation, and methods for analysis. Fungal contamination of these products, the influence of sorting, storage, and processing, and prevention are also considered.     

茶叶中赭曲霉毒素A安全性风险研究进展

茶叶是世界上消费量最大的饮品之一,其品饮安全性对消费者健康及茶产业发展尤为重要。近年来关于茶叶是否存在真菌毒素污染的问题引起了社会的广泛关注和消费者的诸多疑虑,如何科学客观地对待这个问题十分关键。赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)是一种危害性较大的真菌毒素,其产生菌种类繁多,污染广泛,能溶于水且不易降解,具有较强的肝肾毒性和致畸、致突变、致癌和免疫抑制作用。本文在检索研读国内外相关文献的基础上,综述了OTA的理化特性、危害与致毒机理、主要产毒菌及产毒条件、茶叶中可能产OTA的微生物、OTA的检测方法和检测结果等,分析探讨了茶叶中的OTA潜在风险,并提出建议,为茶叶中的OTA污染风险评估和防控提供参考依据。     

Raisins and Currants as Conventional Nutraceuticals in Italian Market: Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A

The healthy consumers make a strong pressure to natural products that can prevent the chronic diseases and improve the general health status, and therefore an important aspect that have to be considered is the safe level of the nutraceuticals. This study reports the occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and associated fungal contamination in 35 samples of dried vine fruits imported in the European community potentially used for the development of new nutraceutical supplements. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis identified 18 samples as contaminated by OTA with an average level of 2.6 μg/kg. OTA was measured in 4 samples of currants (mean value of 6.6 μg/kg) and 13 samples of raisins (mean value of 1.4 μg/kg). In one sample of currants and one of raisins from Turkey OTA exceeded the limits set by European Commission of 10 μg/kg, being contaminated with 12.61 and 15.99 μg/kg, respectively. All the positive samples were confirmed by Orbitrap Q Exactive through their molecular weight and the corresponding fragmentation. The worldwide consumption of dried vine fruits contributed to OTA exposure in several group of consumers. In particular, considering the potential nutraceutical approach, this consumption may be represent a severe risk for healthy consumers that consider these products like healthy and salutistic for their contents in antioxidants, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Data reported in this study confirmed the need to regularly monitor mycotoxin levels in these food products and optimize the process of fruits drying in order to reduce the development of toxigenic molds.     

European research on ochratoxin A in grapes and wine

European wine production represents about 70% of world production and thus is an important export commodity. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was first detected as a wine contaminant in 1996 and the role of Aspergillus section Nigri and A. carbonarius in OTA production discovered in Europe in 1999. Subsequently Europe-wide surveys have shown that A. carbonarius is predominantly responsible for OTA contamination of grapes, wine and vine fruits. Analyses of wine samples throughout Europe have shown that there is a gradient in OTA concentration with a decrease from red, to rose and to white wines. The latitude of production is an important factor in determining risk from OTA contamination. Some geographic regions in Southern Europe are more prone to contamination with the toxigenic species and OTA. Ochratoxin A has also been found in much higher concentrations (max. 53 mug/kg) in dried vine fruit than in wine suggesting that A. carbonarius can dominate the drying vine fruit ecosystem. There is a significant lack of knowledge in Europe on conducive climatic conditions preharvest and their relationship with levels of risk from OTA contamination in grapes and their fate in wine production. This needs to be integrated with cultivation system to maximise the prevention of OTA entering this food chain.     

A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study

Fungi are distributed worldwide and can be found in various foods and feedstuffs from almost every part of the world. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungal species and may impose food safety risks to human health. Among all mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON and T‐2 toxin), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins (FMN) have received much attention due to high frequency and severe health effects in humans and animals. Malaysia has heavy rainfall throughout the year, high temperatures (28 to 31 °C), and high relative humidity (70% to 80% during wet seasons). Stored crops under such conditions can easily be contaminated by mycotoxin‐producing fungi. The most important mycotoxins in Malaysian foods are AFs, OTA, DON, ZEN, and FMN that can be found in peanuts, cereal grains, cocoa beans, and spices. AFs have been reported to occur in several cereal grains, feeds, nuts, and nut products consumed in Malaysia. Spices, oilseeds, milk, eggs, and herbal medicines have been reported to be contaminated with AFs (lower than the Malaysian acceptable level of 35 ng/g for total AFs). OTA, a possible human carcinogen, was reported in cereal grains, nuts, and spices in Malaysian market. ZEN was detected in Malaysian rice, oat, barley, maize meal, and wheat at different levels. DON contamination, although at low levels, was reported in rice, maize, barley, oat, wheat, and wheat‐based products in Malaysia. FMN was reported in feed and some cereal grains consumed in Malaysia. Since some food commodities are more susceptible than others to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination, more stringent prevention and control methods are required.