黑曲霉固态发酵橘皮生产纤维素酶及淀粉酶

以橘皮为原料,以黑曲霉AS3.3928为生产菌株,采用固态发酵法生产纤维素酶和淀粉酶。通过单因素试验考察固态发酵培养基中橘皮含量、培养基含水量、接种量及发酵时间4个因素对纤维素酶和淀粉酶活力的影响。在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验最终确定最优产酶条件为：固态发酵培养基中添加16g橘皮,并加入5mL无菌水使培养基初始含水量为64mL/100g,黑曲霉接种量15%,发酵60h。在此发酵条件下所产纤维素酶活力可达1816U/g,淀粉酶活力达196U/g。结果表明,利用黑曲霉固态发酵橘皮,非常有利于纤维素酶和淀粉酶的生产。     

青霉固态发酵生产生淀粉糖化酶的条件优化

对青霉Penicillium sp.26固态发酵生产生淀粉糖化酶的培养条件、培养基组成和后续液体培养进行了优化。考察了加水量、添加物起始pH值、培养时间等培养条件及附加碳源、氮源、无机盐和表面活性剂等培养基组成和后续液体培养对产酶的影响。结果表明,适宜的固态发酵条件为含水量50%,添加物起始pH 3,固态发酵36h;通过单因素和正交试验得到适宜固态发酵基组成:麦麸10g,麦芽糖0.5g,KNO3 0.3g,ZnSO4 0.0029g,TW-20 0.05g,水10mL。以此优化条件进行固态发酵,生淀粉糖化酶活从104 U/g提高为210U/g,进行后续液体培养24h,生淀粉糖化酶活进一步提高为442U/g,较初始培养提高了3.25倍。     

平菇产木聚糖酶固态发酵条件优化和酶学性质研究

利用平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)降解甘蔗渣固态发酵生产木聚糖酶,通过单因素和正交实验确定最佳培养基组分及其配比,并时其粗酶的酶学性质进行了研究.结果表明:碳源为甘蔗渣8g:玉米芯2g,氮源为2.0%酵母膏,pH为4,料水比为1:3.2,装瓶量为5g/125mL三角瓶,培养10d时,得到的酶活力最高,产酶量可达2918.95 U/g.粗酶液的最适反应pH为5,最适反应温度为40℃,在pH4～6的范围内酶活性较稳定.温度的适应性较宽,在30～70℃的范围里,相对酶活仍保持在65%以上.     

含水量对黑曲霉ZM-8大曲酶活影响的研究

黑曲霉ZM-8大曲的质量对相关生产影响很大,黑曲霉ZM-8大曲的含水量直接影响大曲的生产结果。通过44%～51%含水量的培养试验,测定主要酶活,结果说明,考虑到各种酶系的特点,含水条件和酶活高峰的出现,大曲含水量控制在49%～50%,室温25℃,培养40h较适宜。其中:FPU酶可达105U/g、C1酶可达720U/g、CMC酶可达512U/g、β-葡萄糖苷酶可达1250U/g和淀粉酶可达30U/g的酶活,取得了较好的大曲制曲结果。     

利用甘蔗渣固态发酵生产木聚糖酶

从土壤中筛选出一株产纤维素酶的蜂房芽孢杆菌 ,利用甘蔗渣固态发酵生产木聚糖酶。最佳的固态发酵条件为 :酵母膏 0 2 %、麸皮 2 0 %、蔗渣 80 % ,加入其干重 4倍的水 ,发酵温度为 3 2℃ ,pH值为 8 5 ,最大酶活可达 12 13U/ g。     

产耐酸性α-淀粉酶菌株固态发酵条件的优化

对产耐酸性α-淀粉酶黑曲霉菌株AS-Y的固态发酵条件进行了优化.经过单因素实验和正交试验,影响产耐酸性α-淀粉酶的菌株产酶量的主要因素为含水量＞接种量＞附加氮源＞Ca2+.固体发酵条件中,水∶麸皮为1∶1,麸皮量为15 g,接种量为4 mL,温度为30 ℃～32 ℃.发酵培养基中,麸皮∶硫酸铵为1∶0.05,CaCl2为0.01 g.在上述最佳的发酵条件下,确定其固体发酵时间为60 h～72 h,酶活达到286.64 U/g.     

中华根酶12#产饲用复合酶固态发酵条件的研究

以中华根酶12#(Rhizopus chinesis12#)为生产菌种,利用固态发酵法生产饲用复合酶,以产酶种类和活力为指标,确定了固态发酵工艺。优化的培养基组成为6 g麸皮+4 g豆渣+1 mL 0.2%NaNO3,培养基料水比为1∶2,接种量为103个孢子/g(干基),培养温度为28℃,培养时间为96 h。     

几种因素对黑曲霉产果胶酶不同酶系的影响

采用一株产果胶酶的黑曲霉菌株ZS-AN-28,进行了液体发酵产果胶酶的培养基优化,研究了碳源、氮源、金属离子对菌株ZS-AN-28产原果胶酶的影响,特别是多元醇、尿素的影响.结果表明:在初始pH5～7,培养温度为28～30℃的条件下,通过优化实验得出该菌株产酶的最佳培养基配方为:桔皮粉3g、(NH4)2SO42g,麸皮2g,尿素0.075g、CaCl2 0.015g、KH2PO4 3.8g、K2HPO4·3H2O 0.2g、乙二醇15mL、水100mL、pH6.0,产酶最高,其中,PC.为32.82万U/mL、PE为31862U/mL、PL为0.716U/mL.     

大麦β-淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中异源表达

该研究拟采用枯草芽孢杆菌异源表达大麦来源β-淀粉酶。选择枯草芽孢杆菌WB800作为宿主,采用同源重组的方法构建表达载体p P4 3NMK-amy B,获得重组枯草芽孢杆菌WB-amy B。重组枯草芽孢杆菌在摇瓶发酵条件下酶活最高可达386 U/m L,纯化后测得其比酶活为613 U/mg。重组酶的最适温度为55℃,最适p H值为5. 0。重组β-淀粉酶水解产麦芽糖能力与大麦β-淀粉酶相当,与普鲁兰酶联用时麦芽糖最大转化率可达81. 8%。重组枯草芽孢杆菌摇瓶发酵水平产酶量高于类似文献报道,重组β-淀粉酶的酶学性质与大麦β-淀粉酶相比几乎相同,完全可以替代大麦β-淀粉酶在工业上的应用。     

β-淀粉酶酶解甘薯淀粉条件分析

麦芽糖可以诱导枯草芽孢杆菌产生中温α-淀粉酶,甘薯淀粉的β-淀粉酶酶解产物主要为麦芽糖。应用高效液相色谱示差折光检测法对不同酶解条件下甘薯淀粉β-淀粉酶酶解产物进行分析。结果表明,液化酶加入量为5~10U/g干淀粉时,酶解产物中葡萄糖的含量最高可达0.94%±0.048%,其含量较低,不会对枯草芽孢杆菌产α-淀粉酶具有阻遏作用。酶解最佳条件为液化酶加入量5U/g干淀粉,β-淀粉酶最佳加入量为200U/g干淀粉,酶解最佳温度为60℃,最佳酶解时间为28h时,此条件下甘薯淀粉酶解产物中麦芽糖含量达75.8%±1.7%。甘薯淀粉β-淀粉酶酶解产物可以诱导β-淀粉酶酶解产物枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产中温α-淀粉酶。研究对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产中温α-淀粉酶碳源优化具有重要意义。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.