光干涉弹性流体动力润滑试验台

弹性流体动力润滑理论是近二、三十年来发展极为迅速的、具有重大实际意义的一个新兴学科分支,它成功地解释了齿轮、凸轮、滚动轴承等,点、线接触零部件中润滑油膜的形成机理。光干涉法是测量弹流润滑油膜厚度最有效的方法之一,这种方法具有准确、直观、简便易行等优点,特别适宜于作基础研究和油品润滑性质研究。本文介绍了我们所研制的光干涉弹流润滑试验台。本试验台可以测量各种工作条件下,点接触与线接触润滑油(脂)膜厚度、油的压粘系数、接触处的滑动摩擦力。本试验台工作范围相当广,可以改变的工作条件包括:接触几何参数(包括不同接触椭圆度的点接触和线接触),滚动速度、相对滑动速度、侧滑速度、自旋速度、工作温度、工作载荷、润滑油(脂)种类、供油状况等等。实际运行表明,本试验台性能稳定、工作可靠;所获得的干涉条纹图象清晰,颜色层次丰富。     

球盘接触脂润滑试验台的运动控制研究

润滑脂有强烈的非牛顿流体性质和触变性,使得其润滑性能测试结果具有不确定性。为了实现润滑脂性能的有效测试,研究球盘接触脂润滑试验台的运动控制方法;设计试验台高旋转精度的主轴结构,研究基于PLC的交流伺服电机的运动控制方法,并基于光干涉原理测量润滑脂的润滑膜厚度。试验表明,该方法能准确控制球盘接触脂润滑试验台的摩擦副运动,实现了所需运动规律;设计试验台能方便准确地测量出润滑脂在不同工况下的润滑膜厚度。     

新型光干涉法纳米级润滑膜厚度测量仪

润滑膜厚度的测量是开展纳米量级薄膜润滑状态研究的关键问题。利用光干涉法相对光强原理研制出一种纳米级润滑膜厚度测量仪,在低速低载荷条件下对点接触纯滑动润滑接触中心区润滑膜厚度进行测量,并讨论接触中心区和润滑膜厚度与速度和载荷之间的关系。结果表明:已测量的膜厚值已达到纳米量级,在设定工况下润滑膜厚度随速度增大而增大,随载荷增大而减小;比较Hamrock-Dowson公式计算结果和实验结论证明,这种仪器能有效实现对纳米级润滑薄膜厚度的测量。     

滚针弹流润滑双干涉测量技术设计及试验

滚针长径比大于3,其接触区域长宽比常大于100,若用常规单弹流油膜光干涉测量装置,只能得到接触副上某一点的成膜信息,无法同时获得长度方向的成膜情况.为了更加准确地研究滚针接触副在两个不同部位的弹流现象异同,介绍了 一种间距可调的紧凑式双干涉图像显微装置设计,并将其用于同时捕捉滚针在摆动工况下两个不同部位的弹流润滑膜厚与膜形.结果表明该装置能够高质量地同时获取滚针接触副上间距大于8 mm的两处弹流光干涉图像,从而可以开展滚针接触副在正、偏载工况下的膜厚与膜形变化研究,为研究修形滚针接触副的成膜机理提供了一种新的有效手段.     

线接触脂润滑热弹性流体动力润滑数值分析

基于Ostwald模型建立的脂润滑控制方程与能量方程联合求解,通过压力-温度的循环来计算线接触脂润滑热弹性流体动力润滑数值解。分析了一般工况参数对润滑膜压力分布和润滑膜形状的影响,探讨了不同工况下热效应对脂润滑弹流数值解的影响。     

滚子圆环接触式光弹流试验装置的设计及初步实验研究

为了真实地模拟圆柱滚子轴承高速运转时滚子接触副间的油膜分布,基于光干涉原理构建滚子-圆环接触式光弹流试验机,该试验机克服了常规的球-盘试验机高速运转时,润滑油由于离心力的作用向外迁移的缺陷。利用新开发的光弹流试验机进行初步的试验研究,实验结果表明:该试验装置重载工况下工作平稳,图像清晰,对于未修形的滚子可以明显地观测到滚子端部的"边缘效应",能够为润滑条件下滚子接触副的轮廓优化设计提供可靠的试验数据。     

多工况滚子摩擦副弹流润滑实验装置的设计

为了更好地观测滚子摩擦副在不同卷吸速度下的弹流润滑现象,开展有限长线接触弹流润滑油膜成膜机制的实验研究,对原有的线接触光干涉实验装置进行改进,将原有的曲柄滑块机构设计成丝杠推杆,从而将旋转运动转变成直线运动。实验表明:改进后的实验装置可以有效地实现滚子卷吸运动速度大小和运动规律的变化,可以观测到非常清晰的油膜干涉图像,在滚子接触区域油膜呈现出较为明显的弹流特征,可为线接触弹流的理论研究提供可靠的实验数据。在改进后的实验装置上,对滚子在突然加速的工况下进行了实验研究,由于步进电机的特点,在突然加速的瞬间有极短的停顿,导致挤压效应较为明显,油膜被封在滚子的接触区域内形成凹陷,出现封油现象,当滚子卷吸速度增加时,油膜厚度也会随之增加。     

脂润滑弹流线接触问题的数值解

根据实测的润滑脂流动特性和流变参数,本文推导了Herschel-Bulkley流体模型的雷诺方程。应用数值方法求解了线接触脂润滑弹流问题。在求解过程中考虑了润滑脂的触变性和屈服剪应力造成的稳定乏油边界对润滑膜厚度的影响,得到数值解与实验结果相一致。本文还解释了润滑膜厚度随着剪切时间延长而减小的原因。     

基于电容法与光干涉法相结合的油膜测量方法

通过将电容法膜厚测量仪耦合在球-盘点接触光干涉试验台上,搭建油膜厚度测量装置。通过对目标球-盘接触副采取合理的导电措施以及台架绝缘设施来保证润滑油膜电信号的提取,该装置可实现相同工况下膜厚度值及其相应的电信号(如油膜分压值和电容值)。在纯滚动接触情况下,分别对油润滑和脂润滑下的油膜进行测量,得到光干涉膜厚、油膜分压值和电容值随随卷吸速度的变化规律,并分析接触副电容随膜厚的变化。结果显示,随卷吸速度的增加光干涉膜厚升高而油膜分压值和电容值减小,电容值随着膜厚的增加而逐渐降低。实验结果初步验证了该测量系统的可行性,可为后续实际接触副内润滑状态的评估提供方案。     

线接触脂润滑弹流润滑分析

工程中大多数滚动轴承采用脂润滑,但是润滑脂具有非牛顿体特性和润滑过程的时效性,较难准确地建模分析其润滑特性。通过总结脂润滑弹流的理论分析与实验研究进展,基于Ostwald本构模型建模,用Gauss-Seidel迭代法和Jacobi双极子迭代法分析脂润滑条件下的润滑膜厚度分布和压力分布;探讨不同流变指数、不同载荷和不同卷吸速度对脂润滑弹流特性的影响。结果表明:载荷和卷吸速度对润滑脂膜厚和压力的影响与油润滑相似;稳定后的脂润滑膜厚接近相应工况基础油润滑膜厚的1/2;润滑脂的非牛顿特性越显著,则膜厚越小,压力分布越接近Hertz接触应力分布。     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

基于多目标非支配解提取法的电力系统无功优化

针对传统的电力系统多目标粒子群优化算法采用权重系数法将多目标转化为单目标,从而忽视了各目标函数间的竞争关系这一问题,提出将非支配解提取法运用到电力系统多目标无功优化中,并设定了一套提取规则,以电力系统中的有功网损、电压偏差和电压稳定裕度为目标,使目标在充分竞争的情况下得出Pareto最优解,利用IEEE-14节点系统对多目标非支配解提取法的电力系统无功优化进行了仿真测试。研究结果表明,该算法一次运行可以得出多组非支配解,既有偏向单个目标的解也有兼顾所有目标的解,克服了权重系数法的盲目性和单一性,可使电力决策者根据实际问题选择最优解,具有较好的灵活性与多样性。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

Hybrid inversion method for equivalent electric charge of thunder cloud based on multi-station atmospheric electric field

This article proposes the hybrid method to inverse the equivalent electric charge of thunder cloud based on the data of multi-station atmospheric electric field. Firstly,the method combines the genetic algorithm( GA) and New ton method through the mosaic hybrid structure. In addition,the thunder cloud equivalent charge is inversed based on the forw ard modeling results by giving the parameters of the thunder cloud charge structure. Then an ideal model is built to examine the performance compared to the nonlinear least squares method. Finally,a typical thunderstorms process in Nanjing is analyzed by Genetic-New ton algorithm with the help of weather radar. The results show the proposed method has the strong global searching capability so that the problem of initial value selection can be solved effectively,as well as gets the better inversion results. Furthermore,the mosaic hybrid structure can absorb the advantages of tw o algorithms better,and the inversion position is consistent with the strongest radar echo.The inversion results find the upper negative charge is small and can be ignored,w hich means the triple-polarity charge structure is relatively scientific,w hich could give some references to the research like lightning forecasting,location tracking.     

虚拟式流体参量集成测试系统及其实现

为了实现对流体参量的自动测量,运用虚拟仪器设计思想,采用组件技术、海量数据存储技术及仪器通用化设计方法,设计并实现了虚拟式流体参量集成测试系统.该系统能同时对流体的温度、压力和流量等进行动态测试.实验室演示表明,该集成测试系统性能稳定,操作简单,功能较强大.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CONTINUOUS ELECTROMAGNETIC STIRRING FOR MAKING RHEOLOGIC SEMI-SOLID SLURRY OF ZL112Y ALUMINUM ALLOY

To realize the technology of fabricating the rheologic semi-solid slurry of ZL112Y aluminum alloy via continues electromagnetic stirring process, ANSYS software was used to simulate electromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field in the alloy melt in a crucible tube in three coils. In the first section of the paper, eletromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field caused by single coil were simulated. The result of this simulation gives an average velocity of 3.2 cm/s and it is called critical velocity because a fluid velocity over it will cause a fine and spherical structure of solid primary a in a semi-solid melt. And, from this result, a reasonable temperature of semi-solid of the alloy and an electrical current intensity were established. The electrical current intensity of the result of this simulation corresponded to the current intensity used in a practice experiment, in which the primary α was obviously refined and sphericized. Based on this simulation of single coil electromagnetic stirring, in the second section of the paper, eletromagnetic force field and fluid velocity field caused by three coils were simulated. The result of the simulation shows that, 1） there is a semi-solid zone of 32 mm from bottom of the crucible tube to the upper; 2） the electrical current intensities of three coils of 400 A, 600 A, and 400 A, which were set to top range, middle range and bottom range of the tube, respectively, were the optimum parameters of electromagnetic current intensity under the condition of this investigation; and 3） under effect of these electromagnetic current intensity, the fluid velocities of the melt in the tube were 6.3 cm/s in top range, 3.75 cm/s in middle range, and 3.9 cm/s in bottom range of it, respectively.