Synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide and nisin on the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) and nisin on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Changes in morphology, interior structure, and membrane permeability were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. Synergetic effects were found, especially in S. aureus. HPCD alone or with nisin led to morphological and intracellular alterations in both bacteria, but nisin alone led to these damages only in S. aureus. A positive correlation between membrane damage and inactivation was found, but ratios of inactivation were higher, probably because of viable but non-culturable state. Mechanisms were proposed for synergism: for E. coli, outer membrane was damaged first by HPCD, and then HPCD and nisin jointly acted on and destroyed the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to further intracellular damage by HPCD; for S. aureus, HPCD and nisin acted on the cytoplasmic membrane together leading to cell death.Industrial RelevanceEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are two common microorganisms, which exist widely in the environment and easily contaminate food such as vegetables and dairy products, respectively. Considering heat treatment may destroy some heat-sensitive quality of the products, this study evaluated synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) combined with the bacteriocin nisin. The investigations provided evidence for potentially combined application of HPCD and nisin to help keep food safe in the industry.     

Effect of high pressure carbon dioxide on alkaline phosphatase activity and quality characteristics of raw bovine milk

Novel food processing techniques would always be pursuits of researchers and food industry to avoid unfavorable thermal effects, especially in dairy and milk processing. In this study, effects of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and main quality indices of raw bovine milk at 20 MPa using a batch system were investigated. A complete inactivation of ALP activity as exposure to HPCD treatment at 50 °C and 20 MPa for 50 min was observed. The protein and lactose content of HPCD-treated bovine milk hold steady, while pH value and total solids content decreased, turbidity and average particle size increased significantly (p < 0.05). Although a significant decrease of viscosity (p < 0.05) was observed, the Newtonian flow behavior of raw bovine milk did not alter. More obvious change of quality characteristics of raw bovine milk were observed as subjected to HPCD treatment at higher temperature or treated for longer period. Therefore, a compromise between controlling endogenous enzymes (and/or spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms) and retention of original/fresh like quality of foods should be introduced due to the nature of HPCD processing. It's suggested to keep raw bovine milk with low ALP activity and great quality treated with a batch HPCD apparatus at 20 MPa and 50 °C for 20 min.     

Photoelectrochemistry and spectroscopy of substituted polyanilines

The properties of four substituted polyanilines, poly(N-methylaniline), poly(m-methylaniline), poly(o-methoxyaniline), and poly(o-ethoxyaniline) have been examined by photoelectrochemical and spectroscopic techniques (Raman and XPS). The middle peak in cyclic voltammograms for poly(N-methylaniline) was ascribed to hydrolysis products such as benzoquinone, and in the case of poly(o-methoxyaniline) to branched forms. The photocurrent profiles of the substituted polyanilines resembled those of polyaniline to a large extent, with prolonged cathodic and anodic photocurrents given for the polymer in a state of high conductivity. With poly(o-ethoxyaniline) only short-lived photocurrents were obtained pointing to a more highly insulating material, also shown by the limited growth of this polymer. Raman spectra of the substituted polyanilines taken in situ revealed typical polyaniline Raman bands, while the largest shift in the υ_CN band (35 cm⁻¹) occurred with poly(N-methylaniline). A deconvolution of the N 1s signal in XPS scans showed nitrogens consistent with oxidised forms of the polymers: a high proportion of positively charged nitrogens for poly(N-methylaniline) and of imine nitrogens for poly(m-methylaniline).     

基于决策树方法的油炸型方便面品质评价研究

本实验以市场占有率为80%～90%的国内主要方便面生产厂家的12个主打品牌的205个油炸型方便面样品为研究对象,首先以8个专家感官评价项目为指标,采用K-均值法对感官品评数据进行了聚类分析;根据聚类分析结果再应用决策树分析方法,以15个物性检测项目为指标,建立感官品评和面条物性指标之间关系模型。结果表明,所建立的决策树模型吻合感官品评聚类结果的精度达到95.61%,实现了表达仪器测量值与感官品评之间关系的目的,可为油炸型方便面品质评价提供一种客观定量化的方法。     

纳豆激酶的质量与安全评价研究进展

纳豆激酶是纳豆芽孢杆菌在发酵纳豆过程中产生的一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有溶解血栓等生理功能。本文就纳豆激酶的溶栓功能及机制做了简要的总结,着重综述纳豆激酶活力测定方法等质量指标及其安全性评价研究进展,展望了纳豆激酶产品开发与质量安全研究方向,以期为纳豆及其制品（含纳豆激酶产品）标准化提供理论基础。     

Using physical processes to improve physicochemical and structural characteristics of fresh and frozen/thawed sheep milk

We assessed the impact of stirring (ST), high shear dispersing (HSD) and low (LPH, 3.5 MPa) and high pressure homogenization (HPH, 50 MPa) on physicochemical and structural characteristics of whole and skimmed sheep milk fresh or previously frozen and thawed (FT). Freezing affected the size of the fat globules, their interaction with caseins, reduced calcium solubility (10%) and buffering capacity (5–11%). Amongst the studied processes, HSD was the only one unable to improve the milk stability. The other ones reduced the size of the fat globules and increased fat and casein interactions, favoring milk stability and reducing the creaming occurrence (>22%). LPH and HPH also reduced the sedimentation in skimmed milk (>37%). Moreover, all processes recovered the buffering capacity of FT samples. The effectiveness of the processes can be ordered as ST < LPH < HPH, but the final choice will depend on the stability improvement required for milk vs. acquisition and operational equipment costs.Practical applicationSheep milk is normally not homogenized because it has a lower fat globule size than cow milk, which reduces the creaming occurrence. However, creaming happens in some instances and it can be intensified if the milk is preserved frozen (to accumulate enough volume) prior to the dairy production, causing defects in the final products (mainly yogurts). The studied physical processes can be strategically used to solve this problem, increasing the milk emulsion stability, reducing the sedimentation occurrence and changing the buffering capacity to reach the same value of fresh milk.     

Electrochemical determination of sulfite and phenol using a carbon paste electrode modified with ionic liquids and graphene nanosheets: Application to determination of sulfite and phenol in real samples

Benzoylferrocene was used to construct a modified-graphene paste electrode. Also, hydrophilic ionic liquid (n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate) was used as a binder to prepare the modified electrode. The electro-oxidation of sulfite at the surface of the modified electrode was studied using electrochemical approaches. This modified electrode offers a considerable improvement in voltammetric sensitivity toward sulfite, compared to the bare electrode. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) exhibits a linear dynamic range from 5.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ M and a detection limit of 20.0 nM for sulfite. The diffusion coefficient and kinetic parameters (such as electron transfer coefficient and the heterogeneous rate constant) for sulfite oxidation were also determined. The prepared modified electrode exhibits a very good resolution between the voltammetric peaks of sulfite and phenol that makes it suitable for the detection of sulfite in the presence of phenol in real samples.     

臭氧处理对美人指葡萄保鲜效果的影响

目的研究不同臭氧浓度对美人指葡萄的保鲜效果。方法以美人指葡萄为实验材料,设置0,6.72,12.84,19.26 mg/m3等4种臭氧浓度对果实进行处理,通过测定贮藏期间美人指葡萄的果柄耐拉力、可溶性固形物、硬度、色差、还原糖含量和多酚氧化酶活性等指标来研究美人指葡萄在贮藏过程中品质的变化。结果结果表明,3组臭氧处理组对美人指葡萄均有一定的保鲜效果,其中19.26 mg/m³处理组的效果要优于6.72和12.84 mg/m³处理组。在整个贮藏过程中,19.26 mg/m³处理组果实的果柄耐拉力、可溶性固形物含量、硬度和还原糖的含量分别下降了2.71 N,1.58%,2.76 N,5.51%,果皮的L*值提高了4.22,同时多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)的活性降低了0.072 U/(min·g)。结论采用19.26 mg/m³臭氧浓度能够有效保持美人指葡萄采后果实的品质,减缓了美人指葡萄果柄耐拉力的降低进程,以及还原糖含量的减小趋势,保持了果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量和果...     

热破碎番茄浆贮藏期间非酶褐变动力学分析

探讨热破碎番茄浆在贮藏过程中非酶褐变的规律,以期为番茄浆的贮藏提供指导。在0、25℃和37 ℃条件对其进行了5个月的贮藏研究,并对产品中与非酶褐变相关的指标总氨基酸、总糖、维生素C(VC)、5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)和褐变度(BD)的变化分别应用零级、一级、联合动力学模型进行了拟合分析。结果表明：联合动力学模型较零级、一级动力学模型能更好地解释热破碎番茄浆贮藏过程中非酶褐变的动态变化。25℃和37 ℃贮藏过程中,热破碎番茄浆中HMF含量和BD的变化呈线性关系,同时颜色指标亮度L*、红值a*、黄值b*是HMF的函数,可用联合动力学方程表示。较高的贮藏温度(25℃和37℃)对热破番茄浆中总氨基酸、总糖、VC、HMF含量、BD以及颜色指标(亮度L*、红值a*、黄值b*)影响显著(P＜0.05),较低温度(0℃)贮藏条件下,HMF含量、褐变度BD及颜色指标变化不明显(P＞0.05)。表明高温贮藏显著降低热破碎番茄浆的品质,而低温贮藏可有效保护热破碎番茄浆的品质。     

Development of functional ingredients for gut health

Microbial reactions in the gut have an essential role not only in gut health, but in general human health. The gut is the site of active fermentation of non-digestible diet components, as well as bioconversions and absorption of plant-derived compounds, such as phenolics. When developing nutritionally designed foods that promote health through gut microbial reactions, three different types of food ingredients can be used: living micro-organisms (probiotics), non-digestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber and prebiotics) and bioactive plant secondary metabolites (e.g. phenolics).