The nutrient requirements of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and their application to fermented milk

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) performs many physiological functions, but the fermentation time is long when fermented milk is prepared using LGG alone. To shorten the fermentation time, we analyzed the nutrient requirement profiles of LGG. Based on nutrient requirement profiles, we evaluated the effects on the fermentation time, quality, and sensory properties of unmodified cow's milk fermented by LGG alone. According to the consumption and necessary patterns of amino acids and those of purine, pyrimidine, vitamins, metal ions, and nutrients essential to LGG, we selected Cys, Ser, Arg, Pro, Asp, Glu, guanine, uracil, and xanthine with which to supplement milk. Compared with fermented milk prepared using LGG alone in unmodified milk, the fermentation time of supplemented milk was shortened by 5 h. Viable cell counts, titratable acidity, and water-retaining capability of the fermented milk were improved by addition of nutrient supplements. Supplementation with nutrients did not obviously change the sensory and textural characteristics of fermented milk.     

β-Lactoglobulin nanofibrils: The long and the short of it

The bovine whey protein β-lactoglobulin will self-assemble into amyloid-like nanofibrils when heated at pH ≤ 3 and temperatures ≥75 °C. These fibrils have diameters <10 nm and lengths that can exceed 10 μm. The length and stiffness of fibrils depends on ionic strength; heating at low ionic strength produces long semi-flexible fibrils, whereas heating with added salts produces highly flexible ‘worm-like’ fibrils that are an order of magnitude shorter. Over the last two decades there has been a substantial research effort focused on imaging fibrils, manipulating conditions to accelerate fibril formation, and characterising microstructural and rheological properties of fibril dispersions. Here we review the major mechanistic findings, explore potential applications for fibrils as food ingredients, and highlight the major gaps in knowledge surrounding these intriguing self-assembled structures.     

有机溶剂和混合油脂对脂肪酶活性恢复的影响

本文通过多次催化酯交换方法,研究了最优催化条件下脂肪酶活性和结构的关系,以及低活性脂肪酶的活性再生技术.在催化合成1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的研究中,利用荧光光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱,分析最优条件下不同使用次数脂肪酶的三级与二级结构,研究脂肪酶活性变化与其二级、三级结构之间的关系.使用异丙醇和混合油脂处理脂肪酶...     

消化对益生菌干酪抗氧化活性的影响

为探究益生菌干酪经模拟胃肠道消化后抗氧化活性的变化,本研究以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼 （1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率、还原力和2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐 （2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6)-sulphonic acid,ABTS）自由基清除率为评价指标,同时研究添加双歧杆菌 （Bifidobacterium bifidum）07-300B、嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）1.0357的契达干酪消化前后的益生菌 活菌数及产生多肽的变化,从而明确消化对其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：干酪经消化后抗氧化活性显著增加 （P＜0.05）,其中添加两种益生菌的干酪抗氧化指标显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,DPPH自由基清除率、还原 力、ABTS＋·清除率分别为（82.76±3.19）%、0.828±0.021、（44.84±1.36）%,较消化前分别增加了71.42%、 62.35%和51.69%;同时多肽质量浓度也显著增加（P＜0.05）,达到（2.80±0.02）mg/mL,较消化前增加了 39.30%,其中分子质量小于3 kDa的多肽抗氧化活性最高;而益生菌活菌数显著降低（P＜0.05）,相对于消化前降 低了16.93%。由此可知,模拟胃肠道消化后干酪抗氧化活性的提高主要与消化后产生具有抗氧化活性的小分子多肽 有关。     

基于UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS结合SWATH技术对不同泌乳期人乳脂质变化分析

为深入了解婴儿时期人乳中复杂的脂质含量的动态变化,采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联飞行时间质谱及具有高采集命中率的顺序窗口采集所有理论质谱模式（sequential window acquisition of all theoretical massspectra,SWATH）对不同泌乳阶段人乳中的脂质进行鉴定及相对定量分析。结果显示,在3个泌乳阶段的人乳中共检测到229种脂质。根据“脂质代谢途径研究计划”中的分类,共检测到五大类物质：甘油酯类（glycerolipid,GL）主要包括24种甘油二酯和28种甘油三酯;甘油磷脂类（glycerophospholipid,GP）主要包括33种磷脂酰乙醇胺、21种磷脂酰胆碱、8种磷脂酰丝氨酸、13种磷脂酰甘油、10种磷脂酸和7种磷脂酰肌醇;鞘脂类（sphingolipid,SP）化合物共22种;甾醇脂类（sterol lipid,ST）化合物共10种;脂肪酸类及其衍生物（fatty acids,FAs）共4种。随着泌乳期的延长,GL、SP的相对含量逐渐增加,而GP、ST、FAs的相对含量逐渐下降。本研究实现了人乳中脂质的全面定性与相对定量分...     

Effect of Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase on rheology and microstructure of acidified milk gels

The aim of this work was to study the potential of tyrosinase enzymes in structural engineering of acid-induced milk protein gels. Fat free raw milk, heated milk or a sodium caseinate solution were treated with tyrosinases from Trichoderma reesei (TrTyr) and Agaricus bisporus (AbTyr) and the reference enzyme transglutaminase (TG) prior to acid-induced gelation. TrTyr treatment increased the firmness of raw milk and sodium caseinate gels, but not that of heated milk gels, even though protein cross-linking was detected in heated milk. AbTyr did not cross-link proteins in any of the studied milk protein systems. TG was superior to TrTyr in gels prepared of heated milk. In acidified heated milk and sodium caseinate, TrTyr and TG treatment resulted in a decrease of the pore size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed more extensive particle interactions in the heated milk gels with TG than with TrTyr.     

干酪乳杆菌胞外多糖诱导小鼠骨髓来源树突细胞成熟以及分泌IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23

为研究干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）促进体外培养的小鼠未成熟骨髓来源树突细胞（bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs）成熟的作用,分析不同剂量的EPS对BMDCs分泌细胞因子白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β）和IL-23的影响,并检测EPS对BMDCs抗原提呈能力的影响。首先从干酪乳杆菌中分离纯化出EPS,并检测EPS的纯度;把从BALB/c小鼠体内分离出的骨髓细胞分化为BMDCs,未成熟BMDCs分别与磷酸盐缓冲液、不同剂量EPS和脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）体外培养,采用流式细胞法检测了BMDCs成熟表面标记物MHC II和CD86的表达,酶联免疫吸附检测（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法分析了IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23的表达量,CCK-8法检测了BMDCs与小鼠脾淋巴细胞的混合培养体系中淋巴细胞的增殖率。结果表明：分离出EPS的纯度约为95%;EPS能够上调BMDCs表面MHC II和CD86的表达量;EPS可以显著促进BMDCs分泌IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23（P＜0.05）,但促进水平低于LPS;EPS可以明显促进BMDCs刺激异基因淋巴细胞的增殖。综上所述,在体外实验中,干酪乳杆菌EPS能够促进BALB/c小鼠BMDCs的成熟,诱导BMDCs分泌与辅助性T17细胞分化和增殖相关的细胞因子IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23,并且可以增强BMDCs的抗原提呈能力。     

克罗诺杆菌主要毒力因子及致病机理研究进展

综述了克罗诺杆菌肠毒素、外膜蛋白、基因Inv、关键酶RpfF等主要的毒力因子在克罗诺杆菌致病过程中的作用,并从菌毛的黏附作用、克罗诺杆菌对铁的吸收作用、对唾液酸的利用能力、生物膜对克罗诺杆菌的保护作用和黏附能力的影响、外排系统对克罗诺杆菌在宿主胃肠道中存活能力的影响、耐干燥能力等几个方面总结了该病原菌的致病机理。