Ozonation of N-Nitrosamines in the Reverse Osmosis Concentrate from Water Recycling Applications

This study aims to evaluate the performance of ozone treatment for removing N-nitrosamines from reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate in water recycling applications. In the absence of any N-nitrosamine precursors, the destruction efficiency of N-nitrosamines was dependent on their molecular weight or the length of the alkyl chain in their molecular structure. Experiments conducted with RO concentrate showed that ozonation could lead to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), resulting in an increase in concentrations of these N-nitrosamines. Nevertheless, ozonation was effective for destruction of N-nitrosamines with molecular weight greater than that of NDEA (102 g/mol).     

干酪乳杆菌SB27降低N-亚硝胺对IEC-6细胞毒性作用研究

该研究选用具有益生功能的干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）SB27为研究对象,采用菌落计数法分析N-亚硝胺（N-二甲基亚硝胺（NDMA）、N-二乙基亚硝胺（NDEA）、N-亚硝基吡咯烷（NPYR）和N-亚硝基哌啶（NPIP）（0～80 μg/mL）在MRS液体培养基中对干酪乳杆菌SB27生长的影响,并以维生素C（VC）（50 μmol/L）为阳性对照,采用细胞计数试剂盒（CCK）-8法分析干酪乳杆菌SB27（103～106 CFU/mL）降低N-亚硝胺对大鼠肠道黏膜细胞IEC-6毒性的损伤。结果表明,N-亚硝胺在MRS液体培养基中对干酪乳杆菌SB27的生长增殖无显著影响（P＞0.05）。干酪乳杆菌SB27可降低NDMA、NDEA、NPYR及NPIP对大鼠肠道黏膜细胞IEC-6的毒性损伤。     

食品中N-亚硝胺检测方法研究进展

环境中广泛存在的N-亚硝胺对于人和动物具有潜在的高致癌风险。含亚硝酸盐的食品在加工过程中容易产生N-亚硝胺,对人体健康存在严重的威胁。准确分析食品中N-亚硝胺含量能有效评价食品安全风险,有利于保障消费者的安全。本文综述了食品中N-亚硝胺化合物的形成机制,并重点探讨常用检测方法,包括气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、气相色谱-热能分析仪法、高效液相色谱-质谱联用法、胶束电动毛细管色谱法、电化学法以及其他方法。探讨这些检测方法的优缺点,对各方法进行对比和总结,并展望未来检测方法发展趋势。     

复合香辛料亚硝化抑制剂对西式培根品质的影响

研究对N-亚硝胺具有阻断作用的复合香辛料亚硝化抑制剂（composite spice nitrosation inhibitor,CSNI） 在西式培根中的应用效果。设计4 组实验：1）阴性对照（negative control,NC）组：以原料肉质量计,配 制由0.06%亚硝酸钠、9%食盐、1.5%复合磷酸盐、5%白糖等组成的腌制液,注射量为20%;2）阳性对照 （positive control,PC）组：在NC组基础上添加0.055%异抗坏血酸钠;3）CSNI组：在NC组中添加CSNI; 4）PC＋CSNI组：在PC组中添加CSNI。制成西式培根,分别对西式培根成品和烧烤（200 ℃,5 min）西式培根进 行感官评定、pH值、红度值（a*）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、亚 硝酸盐残留量、生物胺含量及N-亚硝胺含量测定。结果表明：相比NC、PC组,PC＋CSNI组西式培根成品的感官 评分最高,TBARs值（0.24 mg/kg）、亚硝酸盐残留量（20.48 mg/kg）和生物胺总量（184.68 mg/kg）均处于较低 水平,CSNI对N-亚硝胺的形成（总量为9.29 μg/kg）,特别是N-二甲基亚硝胺的形成有显著的阻断效果,且CSNI的 添加对产品的pH值和a*均未造成显著影响;西式培根烧烤后,由于水分和脂肪溶出,致使烧烤西式培根的亚硝酸 盐残留量、生物胺含量和N-亚硝胺含量总体呈升高趋势,但均未超过相关规定的限量值。     

婴幼儿奶嘴中12种N-亚硝胺类物质迁移量检测的研究

建立了婴幼儿奶嘴中12种N-亚硝基胺类物质迁移量的气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法。 样品经人工唾液盐浸提后,以二氯甲烷为溶剂萃取浸提液中的N-亚硝胺,去水浓缩后,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,方法的定量限为0.027mg/L～0.031mg/L,回收率为86.9%～120%,相对标准偏差为4.25%～8.31%,应用本方法对21 个国内外品牌的婴幼儿奶嘴进行了测试,其中16 个样品中检出了N-亚硝胺。     

Effect of the addition of nitrate to milk on the formation of volatile N-nitrosamines and apparent total N-nitroso compounds

 Saint-Paulin, a French semihard cheese, was manufactured from milk with and without added NO₃ ^–. Reference and experimental cheeses were analysed at different stages of ripening for the presence of apparent total N-nitroso compounds (ATNC) by chemical denitrosation and chemiluminescence detection (thermal energy analyser). The fate of NO₃ ^– and NO₂ ^–was also scrutinized. The levels of ATNC and of volatile N-nitrosamines were followed during ripening. After 60 days of ripening, ATNC were detected at concentrations of 27 μg NO-N/kg and 64 μg NO-N/kg in the cheeses obtained from milk with and without added NO₃ ^–, respectively. The NO₃ ^– contents of both cheeses were nearly the same, and below 5 mg/kg. The occurrence of NO₂ ^–was not observed. No relationship was found between the NO₃ ^– contents and the contamination of the cheeses by volatile N-nitrosamines. At the beginning of ripening, the cheeses manufactured with added NO₃ ^- showed high levels of ATNC (mean value 5800 μg N-NO/kg with large variations of 570–15210 μg NO-N/kg). These ATNC contents rapidly decreased during the first days of ripening (96%), but decreased much more slowly during the following days. An hypothetical mechanism, attempting to explain the disappearance of ATNC, involving the formation of alkylated species in the cheese was proposed. Received: 30 March 1998 / Revised version: 7 October 1998     

原料及加工工艺对包馅鱼肉卷N-亚硝胺含量的影响

为评价原料及加工工艺对包馅鱼肉卷中N-亚硝胺含量的影响,分别测定包馅鱼肉卷馅和皮加工过程中9 种挥发性N-亚硝胺含量、亚硝酸盐含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reaction substances,TBARs）值以及挥发性盐基氮（total volatile nitrogen,TVB-N）含量的动态变化。结果表明：经过加工后鱼肉卷馅和皮中的TVB-N含量均下降,TBARs值和亚硝酸盐含量均上升;鱼肉卷馅的各种原料中含有不等量的N-二甲基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA）（0～27.51 μg/kg）、N-二乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodiethylamine,NDEA）（0～3.39 μg/kg）、N-甲基乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosoethylmethylamine,NMEA）（0.11～4.33 μg/kg）以及N-亚硝基二苯胺（N-nitrosodiphenylamine,NDPheA）（0～0.82 μg/kg）;在鱼肉卷皮原料中检出了NDEA（0～12.56 μg/kg）、NMEA（0.08～15.26 μg/kg）以及N-亚硝基哌啶（N-nitrosopiperidine,NPIP）（0～8.13 μg/kg）;馅中NDMA、NMEA、NDEA及皮中NDMA、NMEA主要在盐擂期间形成,并在加工后期逐渐下降;NDPheA及NPIP含量在馅和皮的加工过程中始终低于检出限;鱼肉卷成品馅料中NDMA含量为（1.9±0.2） μg/kg,低于国家标准中的限量,而皮中未检出NDMA。     

吹扫捕集和气相色谱(PT-GC)联用测定水中N-亚硝基胺

该文建立涉水橡胶材料在浸泡试验过程中析出的三种N-亚硝胺类物质(N-亚硝基二乙胺、N-亚硝基二丙胺和N-亚硝基二丁胺)的吹扫捕集-气相色谱联用检测方法。三种化合物标准曲线的相关系数在0.990～0.995之间,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)小于8%,空白加标回收率在90.0%～102.1%之间,3种物质的检出限分别是5.3,2.7,1.5μg/L。     

NITRATE REDUCTION AND ATNC FORMATION BY BREWERY WILD YEASTS

Control of NAD(P)H-dependent nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) synthesis and activity in Hansenula anomala, Rhodotorula glutinis, Candida versatilis and Brettanomyces anomalus was investigated. Activities of both enzymes were high in all four yeasts when cultured in a medium containing nitrate as the sole source of cell nitrogen, but ammonia and amino-nitrogen were shown to rapidly repress nitrate assimilation and reduction. Little or no NR or NiR activity was detected in wort or beer-grown cultures. Only B. anomalus was found to excrete nitrite when grown in wort, but not at a concentration which could be chemically reduced to allow formation of a detectable concentration of N-nitrosamines. Cask beer (containing 16 mgl^?1 nitrate) contaminated with nitrate reducing wild yeasts, pre-grown on nitrate, contained < 10 μgl^?1 Apparent Total N-Nitrosocompounds (ATNC) following 10 weeks storage. It was concluded that contamination of wort, fermentation and finished beer by nitrate-reducing wild yeast is unlikely to result in formation of detectable ATNC .     

Literature compilation of volatile N-nitrosamines in processed meat and poultry products - an update

ABSTRACT

A compilation of volatile N-nitrosamine levels in processed (e.g., cured, canned, smoked) meat and poultry products is presented. Over 1800 samples of processed meat products including bacon, ham, salami, sausage, and various other processed meat and poultry products have been examined for the presence of eight volatile N-nitrosamines. The database compiled from the literature is based on 25 references published for the period of 1985 to 2018 from 14 countries. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), are the most frequently identified volatile N-nitrosamines occurring in processed meat and poultry products. N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) are also frequently observed to a lesser extent. The processed meat and poultry products with the highest levels of volatile N-nitrosamines were pork (fried, fat only eaten), poultry (fried), poultry (spiced, grilled), and bacon (fried).