Rapid detection of viable Bacillus cereus emetic and enterotoxic strains in food by coupling propidium monoazide and multiplex PCR (PMA-mPCR)

Bacillus cereus can cause emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. It is widespread in nature and therefore, considered a major foodborne pathogen. To develop a sensitive and reliable assay for detecting enterotoxin genes (nheA, entFM, hblD, cytK) and emetic toxin (ces), specific primers each targeting one individual gene were designed. Propidium monoazide (PMA) was coupled with the developed multiplex PCR (mPCR) for the detection of viable B. cereus. The inclusivity and exclusivity of the PMA-mPCR was confirmed using a panel of 44 strains including 17 emetic and 9 enterotoxic B. cereus reference strains and 18 non-target strains. The limit of detection (LOD) without PMA treatment in pure DNA was 2 pg/reaction tube. The LOD of mPCR assay in pure heat-killed dead bacteria was 4.0 × 10² CFU/mL. Also, the LOD on the viable bacteria with or without PMA treatment was similar (3.8 × 10² CFU/mL) showing that the PMA treatment did not significantly decrease sensitivity. Finally, the newly developed PMA-mPCR successfully detected 4.8 × 10³ and 3.6 × 10³ CFU/g of viable B. cereus F4810/72 (emetic) and B. cereus ATCC 12480 (enterotoxic) reference strains, respectively, in food samples. Hence, this study combines PMA and mPCR to detect viable B. cereus with a wide range of toxin detection (5 toxins). Thus, the novel PMA-mPCR assay developed in this study is a rapid and efficient diagnostic tool for the monitoring of viable B. cereus in food samples and potentially other samples via appropriate DNA extraction.     

Vapor absorption by LiBr aqueous solution in vertical smooth tubes

Heat and mass transfer in a falling film vertical in-tube absorber was studied experimentally with LiBr aqueous solution. The presented results include the effect of solution flow rate, solution subcooling and cooling water temperature on the absorption in a smooth copper tube 16.05 mm I.D. and 400 mm long. The experimental data in the previous report for a 1200-mm-long tube was also re-examined and compared. It was demonstrated by the observation of the flow in the tube that the break down of the liquid film into rivulets leads to deterioration of heat and mass transfer at lower film Reynolds number or in longer tubes. An attempt to evaluate physically acceptable heat and mass transfer coefficients that are defined with estimated temperature and concentration at the vapor–liquid interface was also presented.     

土酸溶液中溴化十六烷基吡啶对锌的缓蚀作用及吸附热力学研究

用失重法研究了土酸溶液中溴化十六烷基吡啶对锌的缓蚀作用，发现溴化十六烷基吡啶在锌表面上的吸附是产生缓蚀作用的重要原因，且吸附规律服从Langmuir吸附等温式。用Sekine方法处理实验数据，从而获得了吸附过程△H^0、△S^0和△G^0等一系列重要热力学参数。     

Conceptual design of a high-efficiency absorption cooling cycle

The search for high-efficiency, gas-fired cooling cycles has led to the development of dual-loop absorption machines with cooling coefficients of performance (COPs) in the 1.2 to 1.7 range. This increased performance may call for high generator temperatures, new working fluids or new materials of construction. In most cases, two different sets of working fluids are required. The conceptual design presented here is aimed at obtaining high efficiencies with relatively low temperatures, employing only one set of fluids. The concept consists of two loops coupled in a configuration aimed at minimizing the loss of thermodynamic availability incurred when transferring refrigerant between the loops. The working fluid pair is a solution of lithium bromide-water. The calculated COPs are of the order of 1.8. The cycle relies on an elaborate evaporator-absorber combination. The paper presents the conceptual design, the critical assumptions, and the performance calculations for the concept.     

Head-to-head polymers: 33. Bromination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide)

Cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) in a 0.5% solution of a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and 1,2-dibromoethane or tetrahydrofuran was quantitatively brominated with elemental bromine at 0°C under careful exclusion of oxygen to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide). Partially brominated PB has a structure of random or block sequences of butadiene units in the polymer depending on the bromination solvent but shows no stereospecificity in the CHBrCHBr-dyads. Partially brominated PB with block structure showed a microphase-separated morphology over a wide range of composition. Microphase separation is less pronounced for the more random structure of butadiene units. I.r and ¹³C n.m.r. spectroscopy of the partially brominated PB was used to follow the progress of the bromination.     

The thermodynamic performance of a new solution cycle in double absorption heat transformer using water/lithium bromide as the working fluids

In this paper, a new solution cycle in the double absorption heat transformer is presented and the thermodynamic performance of this new cycle is simulated based on the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solution of lithium bromide. The results show that this new cycle is superior to the cycle being studied by some researchers. This new solution cycle has a wider range of operation in which the system maintains the high value of COP and has larger temperature lifts and operation stability. The relationship between the absorber and the absorbing evaporator is more independent and this makes the operation and control of the system more easier.     

R12TAB/正丁醇/正癸烷/水体系相态的研究

绘制了阳离子表面活性剂R12TAB／正丁醇／正癸烷／水体系的拟三元相图，确定了微乳液区、微乳液／液晶共存区及不同液晶区域的范围。用^2HNMR和差示扫描量热法(DSC)与液晶纹理相互对照，研究了该体系的液晶结构特点。结果表明：含质量分数为25％～75％正癸烷的各相图内，除了存在着层状、六角状单相液晶区和层状／六角状／立方状共存的混合液晶区域外，还存在着液晶／微乳液共存的区域，且随着正癸烷质量分数的增加，微乳液及液晶区域逐渐缩小。     

无隔膜电解槽内羟基新戊醛的间接电氧化

在无隔膜电解槽内,电解溴离子生成溴单质作为氧化剂,氧化羟基新戊醛为羟基新戊酸。研究了pH、反应温度、反应物浓度和阳极电位对电流效率及选择性的影响。结果表明,在无隔膜电解槽内,以Br-/Br2为媒质的间接电氧化法可以制取羟基新戊酸,电流效率最高可达61 9%,选择性可达90%。     

3，4-亚甲二氧基苯乙胺的合成新方法

以胡椒胺为原料,通过Sandmeyer反应制得3,4-亚甲二氧基溴苯(收率75.0%),再经Grignard反应(收率74.8%)、酯化反应(收率94.0%)和Gabriel反应(收率63.0%)制备出3,4-亚甲二氧基苯乙胺,并通过红外光谱和色谱-质谱联用确定了目标产物的结构。讨论温度对各步反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。     

溴化十六烷基三甲基铵胶束高效液相色谱的研究和应用

研究了苯、苯胺、苯酚和甲苯在以溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAB)水溶液为移动相,YWG-NH_2为固定相时的保留行为。当柱温为45℃、移动相组成为5%正丙醇(或9%乙醇)的0.03mol/L CTAB 时,苯、苯胺、苯酚和甲苯分离最佳。还计算了溶质传质过程的焓值及其在水、胶束、固定相间的分配系数。