不同等级金牡丹乌龙茶品质和矿质元素差异分析

以不同等级金牡丹乌龙茶为试材,测定了不同等级金牡丹乌龙茶的感官审评得分、品质指标（茶多酚、咖啡碱、8种儿茶素、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、茶氨酸、水浸出物和总黄酮）和8种矿质元素含量。等级越高的金牡丹乌龙茶水浸出物含量越高,特等奖水浸出物含量比一等奖和优质奖分别高1.07%和1.75%,且差异均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。咖啡碱、可溶性糖和总黄酮含量均为低等级显著高于高等级（P<0.05）。三个等级的茶多酚含量之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）。特等奖的酚氨比要显著低于一等奖和优质奖（P<0.05）。优质奖的茶氨酸含量要显著低于特等奖和一等奖（P<0.05）。线性回归分析表明,游离氨基酸和总黄酮与审评得分呈显著线性负相关（P<0.05）,可溶性糖与审评得分呈极显著线性负相关（P<0.01）,而水浸出物与审评得分呈极显著线性正相关（P<0.01）。不同等级金牡丹乌龙茶除Mn和Fe外,大多数矿质元素之间不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。限制性主坐标分析表明,品质指标结合限制性主坐标分析可以很好的区分金牡丹乌龙茶等级差异,R值达1.00。但矿质元素结合限制性主坐标分析并不能很好的区分不同等级金牡丹乌龙茶的品质差异。研究结果为金牡丹乌龙茶品质鉴定提供相关参考依据。     

基于多元统计分析的不同安溪铁观音茶产品的化学品质

对6 款3 个批次不同风格的安溪铁观音茶进行感官审评分析,并使用气相色谱-质谱联用法、多元统计分析的主成分分析、偏最小二乘法和层次聚类分析等方法,对其化学品质进行研究。结果表明：6 款产品在感官审评上具有一定差异;含水率、游离氨基酸、黄酮类物质是造成不同茶产品滋味差异的关键成分,清香型茶产品A、B具有较高含水率、游离氨基酸,滋味呈“清醇、鲜醇”;浓香型茶产品C、D的含水率、游离氨基酸、黄酮类物质含量居中,滋味呈“醇和、较醇厚”;浓香型产品E、F具有较高含量的黄酮类物质,滋味呈“醇厚、浓醇”;这些滋味成分差异主要受焙火工艺影响。吲哚、茉莉内酯、己酸叶醇酯是决定不同茶产品香气特征的关键成分,清香型产品A、B的吲哚、茉莉内酯、己酸叶醇酯相对含量较高,香气呈“清高”,产品A比产品B具有更多含“青气”的酯类香气物质;浓香型茶产品C、D的吲哚、茉莉内酯香气成分含量最低,香气呈“较浓郁”,产品D的吲哚、茉莉内酯、己酸叶醇酯均稍高于产品C,因而香气更好;浓香型茶产品E、F的吲哚、茉莉内酯香气成分含量居中,烘焙程度稍高,因而香气“浓郁”具有“花果香”,产品F具有更多醛类香气,可能是产品F香气“馥郁”、“花果香”的原因;香气成分差异主要受产品原料以及焙火工艺影响。本研究期望通过化学品质的数据化,为安溪铁观音产品的精制生产、品质管理、风味创新提供一定理论依据。     

近红外光谱技术在茶叶质量安全领域的应用

随着茶叶产量的不断提升,茶叶产品质量安全问题日益受到关注,目前普遍使用的传统的化学检测和感官审评方法,无法实现在茶叶生产及流通过程中对茶叶品质进行实时监控。近红外光谱分析作为一种新兴技术,具有样品无损耗、结果客观以及快速简便等优点,能满足茶叶产品实时检测的需求。本文在概述近红外光谱分析技术的基础上,对国内外近红外光谱分析技术在茶叶品质分析、等级确定、种类识别和产地溯源和真伪鉴别等方面的研究进展进行了综述。分析了近红外光谱分析技术在推广应用中存在的问题,指出近红外作为一种二级分析方法,其模型适用范围具有局限性,同时对其灵敏度以及成本作出客观评价;对今后的发展及研究方向进行了展望,以期近红外光谱分析技术能够更好地应用于茶叶领域。     

豆渣面包质构及风味评价

在研制出豆渣面包的基础上,比较研究了豆渣面包与普通面包的品质差异。通过控制变量法,对两种面包产品的感官,质构以及风味进行了比较和评价。结果表明,以面粉100%计,加入面粉质量10%的干豆渣、43%的豆浆及10%的黄油时,所得产品品质优良,风味独特;加入豆渣粉的面包感官评分较普通面包好;豆渣面包的硬度、黏结性和咀嚼性比普通面包大,而粘性和弹性却不如普通面包;含豆渣面包与普通面包气味成分差别不显著。     

基于非靶向代谢组学方法探究德昂酸茶与普洱茶（熟茶）之间的成分差异

为了探究使用云南大叶种茶树制作不同种类的发酵茶德昂酸茶和普洱茶（熟茶）（以下简称“普洱熟茶”）之间的代谢产物差异,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术,对德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶进行非靶向代谢组学研究。结果发现,德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶虽原料相同但因其加工方式不同,而存在较大的代谢物差异。通过主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析可以显著区分不同发酵工艺茶叶中的代谢产物,共检测出21 类268 种显著性差异代谢产物,占所有代谢物的63.81%,主要包括49 种氨基酸类、39 种脂肪酸、36 种核苷酸类、29 种有机酸、18 种糖类。其中,麦角硫因、3,4-二甲氧基苯乙酸、3-羟基扁桃酸、氯化乙酰胆碱、2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸、米格列醇、L-脯氨酸、4,6-二氧代庚酸、丙二醇、原花青素B2、N-乙酰甘氨酸等差异代谢产物对于不同发酵工艺的茶叶不同滋味品质的形成可能具有重要贡献。京都基因与基因组百科全书代谢通路分析发现,德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶的氨基酸和核苷酸类物质代谢水平具有显著差异,涉及氨基酸代谢和核苷酸类代谢相关的通路对不同发酵工艺茶叶的滋味品质有重要影响。该研究从植物代谢组学角度揭示德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶的代谢产物差异性。     

不同干燥成形方式的白叶红茶品质分析

目的 研究不同干燥成形方式对白叶红茶品质的影响。方法 以白叶1号鲜叶为原料, 采用相同的萎凋、揉捻、初烘程序, 用不同的干燥做形方式制成不同形态的红茶,以感官审评结合理化分析的方法对不同形态的红茶进行了品质分析。结果 通过不同干燥成形方式获得了卷曲形、毛峰型、针形、扁形4种形态的红茶。4种红茶茶黄素、茶红素及氨基酸含量稍有差别,针形红茶茶黄素、类黄酮与氨基酸总量略高, 有利于提高其饮用价值,但4种红茶色、香、味感官品质总体接近。二次干燥(足火)-成形过程促使不同形态白叶红茶香气组成发生一定变化, 进而对红茶香型产生了细微影响,4种红茶以甜香为基本香型,卷曲型红茶香气特征偏于花香,扁形红茶略带果香。结论 毛火过程对白叶红茶品质的形成和固定具有关键意义, 干燥成形方式不改变总的香气特征, 但可使白叶红茶的具体香型发生细微分化。     

晒青茶、普洱茶(生茶)紧压茶实物样研制及其品质特征分析

根据普洱茶(生茶)拼配规则及各普洱茶生产企业的产品质量生产情况,为进一步推动普洱茶(生茶)实物标准样的科学制备,规范普洱茶原料及普洱茶(生茶)产品,揭示影响云南大叶种晒青茶滋味品质的物质基础,并探讨影响因素间的相互作用。以临沧、普洱、大理、西双版纳的春、夏、秋三个季节的云南大叶种晒青茶为原料：(1)通过筛选可拼配单样、小样试拼及排序、大样拼堆及评定等程序,严格通过品质水平均匀性、稳定性检验,制备出二套实物标准样：晒青茶实物标准样、普洱茶(生茶)实物标准样。(2)通过理化分析及感官审评,通径分析表明,茶多酚与氨基酸、黄酮是影响晒青茶滋味品质的主要因素,其中,黄酮对晒青茶的滋味品质直接作用最明显,茶多酚通过其余变量对晒青茶滋味品质的间接作用综合影响最大。本研究不仅为普洱茶的质量标准信息化研究、茶饮料开发等方面提供分析方法参考,更为促进普洱茶的高质量、绿色化、品牌化发展提供科学依据。     

Quantitative assessment of risk associated with dietary intake of mycotoxin ochratoxin A on the adult inhabitants in Shanghai city of P.R. China

Mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered to be a possible risk factor for adverse effects in humans. In the present study, quantitative assessment of risk associated with dietary intake of OTA was performed based on consumption habits of the representative adult inhabitants in Shanghai city of P. R. China. Firstly, a total of 400 food samples randomly collected from different locations of Shanghai were analyzed by the previously established isotope dilution LC–MS/MS method. Then, 265 participants of 70 males and 195 females as representative inhabitants were invited to answer the designed questionnaire about the quantity and frequency of foods including four major varieties of grapes, cereals, beans and dried fruits as well as their derived products. Finally, all data were simulated by the point evaluation and model evaluation for the risk assessment of OTA contamination. Results from the point evaluation indicated that mean value of daily intake (DI) of OTA was 1.147 ng/kg body weight/day, which was lower than all the reference standards. However, DI value (8.566 ng/kg body weight/day) in the high percentile (97.5th) was obviously higher than the PTDI (5 ng/kg body weight/day) proposed by Scientific Committee on Food. Among the different groups of foods, OTA in cereals and derived products made the largest contribution to the potential healthy risk. The mean DI value and 97.5th percentile were 1.093 and 7.962 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, indicating that more than 90% of the risk was due to the contamination of OTA in cereals and derived products. On the other hand, similar results were obtained by the Monte Carlo assessment model. Thus, from the currently available data and analyzed results on the adult inhabitants, regarding OTA contamination issues on food safety administration of Shanghai, there was no significant attention which should be paid on food consumption in Shanghai, besides cereals and derived products with very little possibility as the risk factors.     

Effects of epi-gallocatechin gallate on PC-3 cell cytoplasmic membrane in the presence of Cu

Catechins, which exist in green tea, are excellent antioxidants and metals enhance their pro-oxidative character. In this study, we investigated damage to the cell cytoplasmic membrane of the androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell PC-3 from rearrangement of EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), the main bioactive component of catechins. In a cell culture system containing Cu²⁺, the generation of free radicals from EGCG rearrangement was measured. Electron microscopy, flow cytometry, gel electrophoresis, and ESR measurements showed that the cytoplasmic membrane of PC-3 cells was disrupted in this culture system and that the death of most cells followed within a few minutes. Hydroxyl radicals, detected in the ESR experiment using the spin trapping method, may cause damage to the cytoplasmic membrane. Analysis of F-12 medium after 6 h, by HPLC, showed small amounts of EGCG when PC-3 cells were absent, and no detectable levels when PC-3 cells were present. In addition to the concentration and order in which EGCG and Cu²⁺ are added to the culture medium, oxides, polymers, or some compounds integrated with the cytoplasmic membrane of the PC-3 cells themselves may have a key role in damage to the PC-3 cell cytoplasmic membrane.