DETECTION OF ZYMOMONAS

A simple, semi-defined medium has been evaluated and is recommended for detection of Zymomonas in brewery samples.     

THE INFLUENCE OF ENTEROBACTER AGGLOMERANS ON BEER FLAVOUR

The influence of Enterobacter agglomerans (Erwinia herbicola) on the fermentation process and beer flavour was studied. The presence of E. agglomerans gave rise to increased levels of acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione and dimethyl sulphide in the final product. The concentration of these compounds was affected by the number of bacterial cells inoculated into the pitched wort.     

啤酒有害菌的PCR检测和SYBR Green实时PCR定量

啤酒有害菌是一些能在啤酒中存活并使啤酒的外观和风味发生改变的细菌,对其进行快速检测和定量是啤酒生产急待解决的问题。我们从华润雪花啤酒（中国）有限公司各工厂提供的样品中分离到28株啤酒有害菌,16S rDNA序列的系统进化分析表明,其中26个菌株属于乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus spp．）、1个菌株为明串珠菌属（Leuconostoc spp．）,1个菌株为片球菌属（Pediococcu sp．）。根据酒花（hop）抗性基因horA、horB和horC的保守序列设计了扩增这3个基因的PCR引物,用这些引物对28株啤酒有害菌进行了常规PCR检测,检出率分别为89％、79％和75％,用hor A—horC双引物进行检测,检出率为100％。用SYBR Green实时定量PCR技术,以horA基因为靶序列,建立了对啤酒有害菌的细胞数进行快速定量的新方法,用该方法测定的污染啤酒样品中有害菌的浓度与平板培养法相近。     

气调保鲜养殖大黄鱼特定腐败菌动态变化初步研究

目的:探讨气调保鲜养殖大黄鱼中特定腐败菌与剩余货架期的关系。方法:采用特定培养基平板计数法及最小平方差的数据处理法,研究气调包装养殖大黄鱼中特定腐败菌——磷发光杆菌在贮藏过程中的动态变化。结果:在(4±1)℃下贮藏的气调包装养殖大黄鱼中的磷发光杆菌的生长动力学模型可用Logistic方程来描述,并具有很好的相关性(R2=0.9887)。用此Logistic方程预测大黄鱼的货架期,与实测值相比,相对误差为-2.62%。结论:建立的模型可以快速地实时预测(4±1)℃贮藏的养殖大黄鱼中磷发光杆菌的数量及其剩余货架期。     

冷鲜牛肉的优势腐败菌及其消长规律

冷鲜牛肉的腐败与微生物的种类和数量密切相关。对冷鲜牛肉的初始菌相和不同贮藏温度条件下菌相及pH的变化规律进行研究,结果表明:假单胞菌和乳酸菌是冷鲜牛肉初始菌相中的主要微生物;假单胞菌和热死环丝菌是冷鲜牛肉的优势腐败菌;不同贮藏温度下细菌总数达到107 cfu/g的时间为2～8 d,pH的变化范围为5.6～6.8。     

Natural Antifungal Peptides/Proteins as Model for Novel Food Preservatives

A large range of ingredients for food and food products are subject to fungal contamination, which is a major cause of destruction of crops, exposure of animals and humans to invasive mycotoxins, and food spoilage. The resistance of fungal species to common preservation methods highlights the necessity of new ways to increase the shelf life of raw material for food and food products. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) are essential members of the immune system of most living organisms. Due to their broad range of activity and their stability to commonly used food processes, they represent promising alternatives to traditional preservatives. However, despite the growing number of reports of potential food applications of these AMPs, the number of approved peptides is low. Poor solubility, toxicity, and a time‐consuming extraction are hurdles that limit their application in food products. Thanks to a deep understanding of the key determinants of their activity, the development of optimized synthetic peptides has reduced these drawbacks. This review presents natural and synthetic antifungal peptides/proteins (AFPs), effective against food‐related fungi, with particular emphasis on AFPs from plant sources. The design of novel antifungal peptides via key elements of antifungal activity is also reviewed. The potential applications of natural and synthetic AFPs as novel antifungal food preservatives are finally discussed.     

Alternative Methods to SO2 for Microbiological Stabilization of Wine

The use of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) as wine additive is able to ensure both antioxidant protection and microbiological stability. In spite of these undeniable advantages, in the last two decades the presence of SO₂ in wine has raised concerns about potential adverse clinical effects in sensitive individuals. The winemaking industry has followed the general trend towards the reduction of SO₂ concentrations in food, by expressing at the same time the need for alternative control methods allowing reduction or even elimination of SO_2. In the light of this, research has been strongly oriented toward the study of alternatives to the use of SO₂ in wine. Most of the studies have focused on methods able to replace the antimicrobial activity of SO₂. This review article gives a comprehensive overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art about the chemical additives and the innovative physical techniques that have been proposed for this purpose. After a focus on the chemistry and properties of SO₂ in wine_, as well as on wine spoilage and on the conventional methods used for the microbiological stabilization of wine, recent advances on alternative methods proposed to replace the antimicrobial activity of SO₂ in winemaking are presented and discussed. Even though many of the alternatives to SO₂ showed good efficacy, nowadays no other physical technique or additive can deliver the efficacy and broad spectrum of action as SO₂ (both antioxidant and antimicrobial), therefore the alternative methods should be considered a complement to SO₂ in low‐sulfite winemaking, rather than being seen as its substitutes.     

一种含肉桂醛包装纸对面包腐败发霉的抑制作用

为研究含肉桂醛的包装纸对面包腐败发霉的抑制作用。将含有不同含量肉桂醛的石蜡涂层涂于包装纸上,进行体外实验和切片面包包装实验,分别研究活性包装纸抑制黑面包霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)的生长和切片面包的腐败霉变情况,另通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用定量分析了不同位置切片面包中的肉桂醛含量。结果表明,将含6%肉桂醛的石蜡涂层用于面包包装纸,在体外一定时间内能完全抑制黑面包霉的生长,而达到抑制黑面包霉生长的肉桂醛最小浓度为4%。切片面包保存24 d后,含6%肉桂醛的活性包装纸中的面包才开始发生霉变,大大延长了面包的保存时间。且随着包装纸涂层中肉桂醛的含量的增大,肉桂醛活性包装纸对黑面包霉的抑制作用增强,两者存在很大的相关性。而不同位置切片面包中的肉桂醛含量及霉变程度没有显著差异,说明肉桂醛可以通过非接触方式发挥抑制霉变作用。本研究中的含肉桂醛包装纸可抑制黑面包霉的生长,可用于抑制面包的腐败发霉,保障面包品质,延长面包货架期。     

Draught beer hygiene: a survey of on‐trade quality

The quality of draught beer in 57 on‐trade licensed premises in 10 locations in the UK Midlands was assessed using a forcing test. Of 149 samples of standard lager (‘SL’, abv ≤ 4.2%), 44% were in the ‘excellent’ quality band compared with 16% of 88 samples of keg ale (‘KA’, abv ≤ 4.2%). Of the total of 237 samples, >90% were represented by two lager and two ale national brands. There were differences in the quality index (QI) between the brands, with lager SL3 having a QI of 84% compared with 72% for lager SL6, 71% for ale KA5 and 68% for ale KA1. The susceptibility of the four brands to spoilage was assessed using a challenge test with microorganisms taken from forced draught beer samples of the brands. Ale KA5 (challenge test QI = 87.5%) was the most resistant to spoilage followed by lager SL3 (81.3%), lager SL6 (75%) and ale KA1 (62.5%). Keg beers in accounts with a national cask beer quality accreditation had the same QI as those without accreditation. Analysis of price vs quality showed that the most expensive price band had the lowest quality. Draught beer quality declined as the number of dispense taps increased across the bar. It was also noted that dispense into branded half‐pint glasses had variable take‐up, with lager SL3 served in the correct branded glassware on 71% of occasions but only on 5% of occasions for lager SL6. None of the keg ales were served in correctly branded glassware. © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling