个体化孕期饮食指导对孕妇体重的影响

目的:探讨个体化饮食指导对孕妇体重的影响。方法:选择门诊常规查体和因妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)住院治疗的孕妇作为研究对象。对研究组进行饮食指导,对照组不进行任何干预。将住院治疗的GDM患者作为糖尿病组。分别记录3组孕期的体重值,计算其相应的体重指数(BMI)值进行两两比较。结果:孕前及孕中BMI值经分析,研究组和糖尿病组、对照组和糖尿病组之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组和对照组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。孕后及产前BMI值经比较分析研究组和对照组、研究组和糖尿病组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组和糖尿病组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。孕后△BMI经统计学比较分析,研究组和对照组、对照组和糖尿病组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。产前△BMI经统计学比较分析,研究组和糖尿病组、对照组和糖尿病组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:通过饮食指导可以使孕妇体重增长更为合理,有益于孕妇及胎儿的健康。     

Keratin 7 Is a Constituent of the Keratin Network in Mouse Pancreatic Islets and Is Upregulated in Experimental Diabetes

Keratin (K) 7 is an intermediate filament protein expressed in ducts and glands of simple epithelial organs and in urothelial tissues. In the pancreas, K7 is expressed in exocrine ducts, and apico-laterally in acinar cells. Here, we report K7 expression with K8 and K18 in the endocrine islets of Langerhans in mice. K7 filament formation in islet and MIN6 β-cells is dependent on the presence and levels of K18. K18-knockout (K18^‒/‒) mice have undetectable islet K7 and K8 proteins, while K7 and K18 are downregulated in K8^‒/‒ islets. K7, akin to F-actin, is concentrated at the apical vertex of β-cells in wild-type mice and along the lateral membrane, in addition to forming a fine cytoplasmic network. In K8^‒/‒ β-cells, apical K7 remains, but lateral keratin bundles are displaced and cytoplasmic filaments are scarce. Islet K7, rather than K8, is increased in K18 over-expressing mice and the K18-R90C mutation disrupts K7 filaments in mouse β-cells and in MIN6 cells. Notably, islet K7 filament networks significantly increase and expand in the perinuclear regions when examined in the streptozotocin diabetes model. Hence, K7 represents a significant component of the murine islet keratin network and becomes markedly upregulated during experimental diabetes.     

Role of Klotho in Hyperglycemia: Its Levels and Effects on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors,Glycolysis, and Glomerular Filtration

Hyperglycemic conditions (HG), at early stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN), cause a decrease in podocyte numbers and an aberration of their function as key cells for glomerular plasma filtration. Klotho protein was shown to overcome some negative effects of hyperglycemia. Klotho is also a coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), the signaling of which, together with a proper rate of glycolysis in podocytes, is needed for a proper function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Therefore, we measured levels of Klotho in renal tissue, serum, and urine shortly after DN induction. We investigated whether it influences levels of FGFRs, rates of glycolysis in podocytes, and albumin permeability. During hyperglycemia, the level of membrane-bound Klotho in renal tissue decreased, with an increase in the shedding of soluble Klotho, its higher presence in serum, and lower urinary excretion. The addition of Klotho increased FGFR levels, especially FGFR1/FGFR2, after their HG-induced decrease. Klotho also increased levels of glycolytic parameters of podocytes, and decreased podocytic and glomerular albumin permeability in HG. Thus, we found that the decrease in the urinary excretion of Klotho might be an early biomarker of DN and that Klotho administration may have several beneficial effects on renal function in DN.     

茉莉花渣多糖降血糖、改善糖尿病症状作用的研究

对茉莉花渣多糖的降血糖作用进行了研究。采用腹腔注射四氧嘧啶造成高血糖小鼠模型,以低剂量(100 mg/kg.bw.d)、中剂量(200mg/kg.bw.d)、高剂量(400 mg/kg.bw.d)的茉莉花渣多糖分别灌胃给药,同时设阳性对照组、阴性对照组和正常照组,8d后测定血糖水平、脾脏指数及胸腺指数。试验期间,每天记录小鼠饮水量、摄食量,试验始末各称量小鼠体重1次。结果表明,茉莉花渣多糖能显著降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖,降糖效果存在剂量-效应关系;能提高糖尿病小鼠的免疫器官指数,同时茉莉花渣多糖能明显缓解糖尿病小鼠"三多"症状,表明茉莉花渣多糖具有降低糖尿病小鼠血糖,改善糖尿病症状的作用。     

玉米须多糖的降血糖作用研究

以玉米须多糖为原料,以小鼠为实验对象进行降血糖活性研究。通过一次性按200mg/kg剂量腹腔注射四氧嘧啶致小鼠实验性糖尿病后,灌胃低(100mg/kg·d)、中(200mg/kg·d)、高(400mg/kg·d)3个剂量的玉米须多糖(SMPS)30d。研究显示低、中、高3个剂量的多糖均能有效降低实验性糖尿病小鼠的血糖值,并且提高肝糖原含量,缓解小鼠体重的降低。实验结果表明:玉米须多糖能显著缓解糖尿病小鼠的多饮、多食、消瘦症状,具有一定的降血糖功效。     

黄秋葵多糖对糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢和肾脏损伤的改善作用

本研究探讨了黄秋葵多糖对糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢和肾脏病理改变的影响。采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素构建SD大鼠糖尿病模型,将建模成功的糖尿病大鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组、黄秋葵多糖低、中、高剂量组。连续灌药28 d,测定各组大鼠血糖、血脂水平,肾脏病理变化情况,同时通过体外实验采用pNPG法测定黄秋葵多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响。结果表明,与模型组相比较,黄秋葵多糖各组空腹血糖(FBG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平均有降低,其中高剂量组下降幅度最大分别降低32.80%和17.87%。血脂方面,黄秋葵多糖各组总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)均有降低,其中高剂量组下降幅度最大,分别降低21.55%、38.98%、40.70%;高密度脂蛋白(HDL)均有升高,高剂量组升高幅度最大升高47.46%。同时黄秋葵多糖能够明显抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,抑制率随剂量的增加而增加,当多糖浓度为10 mg/mL时,其抑制率为68.26%。黄秋葵多糖能够缓解糖尿病大鼠肾小球萎缩、肾小管肿胀等。因此,黄秋葵多糖能够改善糖尿病大鼠的血糖血脂水平,改善糖尿病大鼠的肾脏组织的病理变化,在降糖膳食补充剂、保健食品及降糖药物的开发方面有广阔的前景。     

花椒麻素改善2型糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱的作用

为了研究花椒麻素对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱的治疗效果,采用高脂高糖饲料和链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)联合建立T2DM小鼠模型,设置空白组、模型组、花椒麻素高剂量(0.8 mg/kg·bw)、花椒麻素低剂量(0.4 mg/kg·bw)及阳性对照组,每组10只。实验期间测定小鼠的采食量、饮水量、体重和空腹血糖值,给药28 d后,测定小鼠的糖耐量,以及小鼠血清及肝脏的总胆固醇(TotalCholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(High-density Lipoprotein,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(Low-density Lipoprotein,LDL-C)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量并通过HE染色观察各组小鼠肝组织形态学变化。结果显示,花椒麻素可显著(p<0.05)降低血清中TG、TC、LDL-C及MDA含量,且显著(p<0.05)提高了HDL-C含量;高剂量组的肝脏TG、TC、及MDA含量分别比模型组显著(p<0.05)降低了28.31%、43.56%、52.14%,与阳性对照组作用相当;且形态学检测结果显示,经过28 d的给药治疗,与模型组相比,其高、低剂量组的肝组织损伤程度明显减轻,结果表明花椒麻素具有改善T2DM小鼠的糖脂代谢和氧化应激的作用。     

乳酸菌改善糖尿病代谢作用机制研究进展

乳酸菌对糖尿病人有良好的治疗功效,其机制的探究也越发深入。乳酸菌可抑制肠道中α-葡萄糖苷酶使血糖降低,经由调节胰岛素信号传导、糖代谢、脂质代谢等相关代谢途径来降低血糖水平,通过促进胰岛素的表达或降低磷酸化水平改善胰岛素抵抗,影响机体内的葡萄糖转运因子进而从糖的重吸收等方面影响葡萄糖的代谢,下调脂肪合成酶的表达以抑制脂肪生成,同时改善肠道菌群的丰度并影响肠道菌群的完整性对炎症反应和代谢紊乱进行修复。本文对目前研究乳酸菌改善糖尿病的具体作用机制进行研究论述,为未来乳酸菌预防和治疗糖尿病提供参考。     

花椒麻素的生物功能研究进展

花椒麻素作为最主要的呈麻味物质,其与多种热点药物靶点受体（大麻素受体、香草酸受体）的亲和力极强,可激活或阻断多种离子通道,在体内发挥广泛的生物学效应。本文综述了花椒麻素的结构、理化性质、呈味机理及其生物活性作用,重点探讨了不同结构花椒麻素的感觉、对肠蠕动的影响、抗癌作用、镇痛作用、减肥功效和对糖尿病的辅助治疗作用,并展望了未来花椒麻素的研究方向,为其结构与功能研究提供参考。