The First Flexible Dual‐Ion Microbattery Demonstrates Superior Capacity and Ultrahigh Energy Density: Small and Powerful

Humans live today in a high‐tech and informationalized society. With the development of the emerging electronic information age, various electronic systems are inclined to be multifunctional and miniaturized. It is urgent to develop “small and powerful” micro‐batteries with flexibility and high electrochemical performance to meet the diverse needs of microelectronic components. However, low electrochemical performance exists in traditional microenergy storage devices, which fail to satisfy the energy needs for microdevices. Here, for the first time, a planar integrated flexible rechargeable dual‐ion microbattery (DIMB) is reported, which is fabricated from an interdigital pattern of graphite as an electrode and lithium hexafluorophosphate as an electrolyte. As a microbattery, the DIMB exhibits a high reversible capacity of 56.50 mAh cm^?3, and excellent cycle stability with 90% capacity retention after 300 cycles under a high working voltage. The application of DIMB in microdevices, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), digital electronic game consoles, and electrochromic glasses is also investigated, fully demonstrating its “small and powerful” performance. The integrated DIMB is a high‐voltage microdevice that reaches a nonpareil discharge voltage of about 100 V and a charging capacity of 102 mAh g^?1. This dual ion‐based flexible microbattery could become a promising candidate for energy storage and conversion components in next‐generation microelectronic devices and integrated electronic devices.     

Robust Superlubricity of Gold–Graphite Heterointerfaces

Noncommensurate 2D interfaces hold great promise toward low friction and nanoelectromechanical applications. For identical constituents, the crystals interlock at specific rotational configurations leading to high barriers for slide. In contrast, nonidentical constituents comprising different lattice parameters should enable robust superlubricity for all rotational configurations. This is however not the case for gold–graphite interfaces, as both theory and experiments show scaling behavior of the sliding force as a function of the interface contact area. By simulating the sliding force for gold–graphite interfaces, this work shows that the origin for high force barriers at special angular configurations is a result of commensurability between the moiré structure and the contact geometry. Consequently, this paper suggests new geometries that can potentially overcome such commensurability effects to enable robust superlubricity.     

Effect of porosity and crack on the thermoelectric properties of expanded graphite/carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composites

Cement-based composites is a promising type of structural material, which has prospective applications in relieving the urban heat island effect in summer and melted snow with low energy consumption. However, the major drawbacks of cement-based composites are heterogeneity, porosity, and brittleness. Porosity and microcrack have considerable influence on the thermoelectric of cement-based composites applied in large-scale concrete structures in future. This paper studied in detail the effect of porosity and crack on thermoelectric properties of the cement-based composite. The proper pores and cracks in the cement matrix are advantageous to enhance the Seebeck effect, but meanwhile it also reduces the electrical conductivity. So combined with Seebeck effect, electrical conductivity and other factors, it can obtain a comparatively low electrical conductivity (0.063S cm⁻¹) of expanded graphite/carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composites (EG-CFRC), but EG-CFRC manifests the maximum thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) has reached 2.22 × 10⁻⁷ when the porosity is 3.90%. With different porosity, the Seebeck effect of prepared EG-CFRC was strengthened when the crack existed. The effect is most pronounced by a factor of 2 when the porosity is 28.90%. Therefore, based on stabilizing the conductivity, the crack is fittingly made to have a good effect on the Seebeck coefficient.     

石蜡与石蜡/膨胀石墨熔化性能的实验研究

为改善相变储能过程中石蜡(PA)的熔化性能，向PA中添加少量膨胀石墨(EG)制备了4种配比的石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料(PA-EG)。通过热物性分析筛选出合适配比的PA-EG，并对其和PA在水平管壳式相变储能单元中的熔化过程进行了实验研究。根据相变材料的温度场变化以及加权法计算得到的熔化分数变化，对比分析了添加EG前后PA的熔化性能，并探究了加热温度对相变材料熔化性能的影响。结果表明，PA-EG3的热导率比PA高了7倍，且两者的相变温度和潜热相差不大。PA-EG3熔化过程中的自然对流效应弱于PA，但是较高的热导率能够显著改善相变储能单元中下部的熔化，使得其整体熔化速度快于PA。当加热温度为80℃时，PA-EG3的熔化过程比PA缩短了78.16%。此外，降低加热温度会使PA和PA-EG3的完全熔化时间都显著增加，但相同条件下PA-EG3的增加幅度更小。     

锂电池回收再生石墨增强水泥性能研究

废弃锂离子电池的负极活性材料主要为石墨,现阶段对于废弃锂离子电池中的石墨主要采用填埋等方法进行处理,造成了资源的浪费和环境的污染。现有的研究表明,废弃锂离子电池中的石墨经高温热解及酸浸处理后可以得到纯净的再生石墨,采用再生石墨增强水泥基复合材料的力学性能和电学性能。结果表明：再生石墨的引入可以增强材料的抗压性能和抗折性能,最大增幅分别达到了57.3%和84.4%。此外,再生石墨的加入有效降低了材料的电阻率,减少了极化时间,当再生石墨的掺加量为3%时,养护28 d后材料的电阻率仅为249 Ω·cm。该复合材料还具有典型的压敏特性。所制备的复合材料有望用于混凝土材料结构的实时动态监测。此外,对于废弃锂离子电池的全组分回收利用及功能水泥材料的研发具有重要意义。     

太西煤基新型功能炭材料的制备及其电化学性能

以宁夏太西煤高温直流电煅炉制备的煤基石墨为原料,利用Hummers氧化法制备了氧化石墨,然后分别采用水热法和高温膨胀法制备了煤基三维石墨烯气凝胶(3D-GA)和煤基膨胀石墨(EG)两种新型功能炭材料,并通过FTIR,XRD和SEM对其进行了表征,利用电化学工作站对其电化学性能进行了测试和比较。结果表明:在电流密度500 mA/g下,3D-GA和EG的比电容分别为206 F/g和214 F/g,相比煤基石墨烯粉体(G)的比电容113 F/g,分别提高了82.3%和89.4%;充放电循环1000圈后,3D-GA和EG的比电容保持率分别为95.1%和101%,3D-GA和EG均表现出良好的循环稳定性。     

从磨矿性能角度解决大鳞片石墨的保护问题

针对国外某大鳞片石墨矿, 结合磨矿细度与浮选精矿筛析数据, 在保护矿石中大鳞片石墨的同时, 简化了工艺流程, 最终采取阶段磨矿、一粗两精一扫-筛分分级的浮选工艺流程, 获得了产率4.37%、品位92.81%、回收率79.59%的大鳞片石墨精矿, 以及产率0.80%、品位91.23%、回收率14.29%的细鳞片石墨精矿。     

铜包石墨对酚醛树脂基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

目的 提高石墨与酚醛树脂的界面结合强度，改善酚醛树脂基复合材料的摩擦学性能。方法 用高温浸渗法制备铜包石墨，并制备铜包石墨-酚醛树脂基复合材料。通过摩擦磨损实验，研究铜包石墨对酚醛树脂基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响，并对比相同成分铜/石墨混合填充酚醛树脂基复合材料的摩擦学性能。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和光学显微镜对摩擦磨损表面进行分析，研究材料摩擦磨损机理。结果 石墨表面经过金属铜处理后，金属铜由分散的聚集态转变为附着态，制备的铜包石墨颗粒整体分散度高、形状好。铜包石墨-酚醛树脂基复合材料中石墨与基体界面结合紧密，保持了酚醛树脂的连续相结构，摩擦磨损表面相对平整，复合材料平均比磨损率为3.98×10^?6 mm³/(N.m)，瞬时摩擦系数波动幅度小，摩擦磨损机理以粘着磨损为主。相同成分制备的铜/石墨混合填充酚醛树脂基复合材料的界面结合度较差，摩擦磨损表面有较多裂痕，复合材料平均比磨损率为7.80×10^?6 mm³/(N.m)，瞬时摩擦系数波动幅度大，摩擦磨损机理以磨粒磨损和粘着磨损为主。结论 石墨通过表面金属铜处理，不仅能提高与基体界面结合强度，还能同时有效提高酚醛树脂基复合材料的耐磨性能和摩擦稳定性。     

TC4合金表面Cu/石墨复合镀层的摩擦磨损行为

采用无氰电镀工艺在TC4合金表面制备了Cu/石墨复合镀层，研究了镀层的组织结构和摩擦磨损行为。结果表明，采用无氰电镀方法能够在TC4合金表面制备出组织致密且与基体结合紧密的Cu/石墨复合镀层，但增加镀层中石墨的含量会降低镀层与基体合金的结合强度，并导致硬度小幅下降。摩擦磨损实验结果表明，Cu/石墨复合镀层具有优良的摩擦磨损防护性能，归因于石墨有效降低了镀层的摩擦系数和磨损率；对镀层磨损形貌、磨损产物和摩擦系数的综合分析结果表明，纯铜镀层的摩擦磨损机制主要为犁削磨损、黏着磨损和剥层磨损，Cu/石墨复合镀层的磨损机制为轻微的削层磨损和疲劳磨损。     

Stable and High-Power Calcium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Calcium Intercalation into Graphite

Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) are considered to be promising next-generation energy storage systems because of the natural abundance of calcium and the multivalent calcium ions with low redox potential close to that of lithium. However, the practical realization of high-energy and high-power CIBs is elusive owing to the lack of suitable electrodes and the sluggish diffusion of calcium ions in most intercalation hosts. Herein, it is demonstrated that calcium-ion intercalation can be remarkably fast and reversible in natural graphite, constituting the first step toward the realization of high-power calcium electrodes. It is shown that a graphite electrode exhibits an exceptionally high rate capability up to 2 A g⁻¹, delivering ≈75% of the specific capacity at 50 mA g⁻¹ with full calcium intercalation in graphite corresponding to ≈97 mAh g⁻¹. Moreover, the capacity stably maintains over 200 cycles without notable cycle degradation. It is found that the calcium ions are intercalated into graphite galleries with a staging process. The intercalation mechanisms of the “calciated” graphite are elucidated using a suite of techniques including synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and first-principles calculations. The versatile intercalation chemistry of graphite observed here is expected to spur the development of high-power CIBs.