Parvalbumin in fish skin-derived gelatin: is there a risk for fish allergic consumers?

The major allergen parvalbumin was purified from cod muscle tissues, and polyclonal antibodies were raised towards it. The antibodies were tested for specificity and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using these antibodies. The ELISA was applied to measure parvalbumin in cod skin, the starting material for fish gelatin made from deep sea, wild fish. The ELISA was sufficiently sensitive (LLOQ?=?0.8?ng?ml^?1 in extracts, corresponding to 0.02?µg of parvalbumin per g of tissue), and did not cross-react with common food constituents. Fish gelatin, wine and beer, matrices for the potential use of this ELISA, did not cause disturbance of the assay performance. The data show that the parvalbumin content in cod muscle tissue is 6.25?mg?g^?1, while the skins contained considerably less, 0.4?mg?g^?1. Washing of the skins, a common industrial procedure during the manufacturing of fish gelatin, reduced the level of parvalbumin about 1000-fold to 0.5?µg?g^?1, or 0.5?ppm. From 95 commercial lots of fish gelatin it is shown that 73 are below 0.02?µg?g^?1 parvalbumin. From the other 22 lots, the one with the highest concentration contained 0.15?µg?g^?1 of parvalbumin. These levels are generally assumed to be safe for fish-allergic individuals.     

石墨炉原子吸收法用于测定啤酒中的铅

研究了采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定啤酒中的重金属铅的含量,研究结果表明:该方法的检出限为0.22μg/L,相对标准偏差为0.56%～3.73%,样品加标回收率为96.45%～103.14%,测定结果的精密度和准确度令人满意。通过对市场上的9种啤酒进行抽样检测,检测结果表明啤酒中的铅含量为0.0343～0.0762mg/L满足国家相关标准的要求。     

Occurrence of sotolon,abhexon and theaspirane‐derived molecules in Gueuze beers. Chemical similarities with ‘yellow wines’

The typical Belgian Gueuze beers are produced with aged hop from a grist of malt and wheat, according to a very long oxidation process (extended boiling, cooling overnight in an open‐air container, oak‐barrel ageing). Two theaspirane‐oxidation‐derived products, dihydrodehydro‐β‐ionone and 4‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dihydro‐β‐ionone, are evidenced here for the first time in Gueuze beers. Both compounds have been recently identified in oxidative wines such as Jura Flor‐Sherry and Sauternes wines. Another analogy with Jura Flor‐Sherry wines was the presence of the nutty/curry odorants sotolon and abhexon, although at lower concentrations. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

应用生物酸化技术开发高档啤酒的研究

利用短乳杆菌培养液作为糖化下料水和麦汁煮沸前的ｐＨ值调节剂来生产啤酒，经实验室和生产实践证明是完全可行的。其生产的啤酒达到了ＧＢ４９２７—９１优质酒的标准。     

Relationship of iso‐α‐acid content and endogenous antioxidative potential during storage of lager beer

One of the critical issues regarding the quality of beer is the change in its chemical composition that occurs during storage. Decomposition of iso‐α‐acids results in an undesirable decrease in bitterness as well as a deterioration in the sensory profile of the beer. These changes are caused by the susceptibility of iso‐α‐acids to degradation owing to the influence of reactive oxygen species and light. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of storage conditions (temperature, light) on the degradation of iso‐α‐acids during aging, with the main focus on monitoring the relationship between the turnover of iso‐α‐acids, the sulphur dioxide content and the antioxidative potential of stored beer as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. In agreement with previous investigations, a significant decrease in the content of bitter compounds (up to 18 % relative to the original level, depending on storage conditions) was observed. A significant decrease in the antioxidant potential of beer was recorded simultaneously and the data confirmed a strong correlation between these parameters. The decline in beer bitterness could become a marker for estimating oxidative damage during storage. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

A New Validation of Relevant Substances for the Evaluation of Beer Aging Depending on the Employed Boiling System

During the last years changes in aging indicators have been observed, supposedly resulting from modern brewing technology. The Research Brewery Weihenstephan (Forschungsbrauerei Weihenstephan) offers excellent opportunities for comparing different modern wort boiling systems under semi‐industrial conditions. Employing three different boiling systems, nine brews were produced. The resulting worts were compared regarding the most common wort parameters. Furthermore the influence of the different boiling systems on aging indicators in the resulting beers was analyzed using a newly developed mass spectrometry‐based method. The decrease in the total amount of aging indicators in industrial beers over the last years is very likely the result of lower thermal intake in modern brewhouse equipment. The total amount of aging indicators is sufficient to describe the differences in modern boiling systems. In summary, 2‐furfural dominates all other indicators in terms of thermal influence. 2‐Furfuryl ethyl ether can be suggested as good indicator of aging as postulated by Eichhorn, whereas β‐damascenone is questionable as an aging indicator. Supplementary experiments were carried out to investigate the role of the aging indicators as stale flavour components. Because of synergistic effects, many stale flavour compounds act as aroma compounds and not only as indicators.     

Craft Beer Microflora Identification Before and After a Cleaning Process

Although beer is a relatively safe product, growth of spoilage microorganisms can cause economic damage. The most effective way to prevent the spoilage of beer is to control contamination with adequate cleaning and sanitation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbial flora present both before and after a specific hygiene process was implemented during a brewpub's craft beer production. Various selective and differential culture media methods for the enumeration of beer‐spoilage species are available, but they are time consuming compared to modern techniques. The utilisation of accurate molecular methods, added to the routine microbiological analyses, allowed for the fast identification of common environmental contaminants of beer. A poor sanitation plan by the brewer resulted in microbial contamination of the brewpub. This result demonstrates the importance of good sanitation to avoid the presence of undesirable microorganisms in the product. A cleaning‐in‐place (CIP) method, in operation in many small breweries, could be utilised to prevent the occurrence of such brewery and beer microbial contaminants. In small breweries, the simplest CIP units consist of a single tank and a portable pump. This method requires no additional equipment besides a spraying ball, which is usually included in the design of most tanks.     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定啤酒中甲醛

建立了检测啤酒中甲醛含量的新方法。在酸性条件下将溶解于水中的游离甲醛随水蒸出,馏出液中甲醛与乙酰丙酮作用,在100℃水浴中加热生成稳定的二乙酰基二氢吡啶化合物,冷却后在415nm处测吸光度,即可测的啤酒中甲醛含量。方法检出限为0.12μg/10mL,线性范围:0.0-8.0μg/10mL,RSD为0.73%-2.39%。样品加标回收率在98.4%-102.6%。该方法简便,灵敏度高,重线性好,适合啤酒中甲醛的测定。