响应面法优化啤酒酵母泥中β-1,3-葡聚糖提取工艺

为提高啤酒酵母泥中β-1,3-葡聚糖的得率,采用响应面法优化酸碱法提取葡聚糖的工艺条件,对NaOH质量分数、碱提温度、碱提时间3个因素进行单因素试验。根据单因素试验结果,设计中心组合试验,以葡聚糖得率为指标,采用响应面分析法确定最优工艺参数。结果表明：在NaOH溶液质量分数2.05%、92.70℃处理2.50h条件下,β-1,3-葡聚糖得率实测值为15.76%,模型预期值为15.82%,响应面优化法提高了β-1,3-葡聚糖的得率。     

Cloudy wheat beer enriched with okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]: Effects on volatile compound and sensorial attributes

In order to explore the effect of okra on the cloudy and flavor characteristics of wheat beer, fresh okra and dried okra were added separately into boiling wort. The beer without okra was used as control sample. Aroma characteristics were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography, headspace–solid-phase microextraction–GC–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and electronic nose. The results showed that okra addition significantly increased the turbidity and viscosity. Principal components analysis reflected that three beers were apart from each other. After adding okra, the higher alcohols decreased, while the esters increased. In conclusion, okra can be used to improve stability and aroma characteristics.     

Phenolic Substances in Beer: Structural Diversity,Reactive Potential and Relevance for Brewing Process and Beer Quality

For the past 100 years, polyphenol research has played a central role in brewing science. The class of phenolic substances comprises simple compounds built of 1 phenolic group as well as monomeric and oligomeric flavonoid compounds. As potential anti‐ or prooxidants, flavor precursors, flavoring agents and as interaction partners with other beer constituents, they influence important beer quality characteristics: flavor, color, colloidal, and flavor stability. The reactive potential of polyphenols is defined by their basic chemical structure, hydroxylation and substitution patterns and degree of polymerization. The quantitative and qualitative profile of phenolic substances in beer is determined by raw material choice. During the malting and brewing process, phenolic compounds undergo changes as they are extracted or enzymatically released, are subjected to heat‐induced chemical reactions or are precipitated with or adsorbed to hot and cold trub, yeast cells and stabilization agents. This review presents the current state of knowledge of the composition of phenolic compounds in beer and brewing raw materials with a special focus on their fate from raw materials throughout the malting and brewing process to the final beer. Due to high‐performance analytical techniques, new insights have been gained on the structure and function of phenolic substance groups, which have hitherto received little attention. This paper presents important information and current studies on the potential of phenolics to interact with other beer constituents and thus influence quality parameters. The structural features which determine the reactive potential of phenolic substances are discussed.     

A simple,rapid and novel method based on salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction for ochratoxin A determination in beer samples prior to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

A novel, simple, easy and cheap sample treatment strategy based on salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction for ochratoxin A (OTA) ultra-trace analysis in beer samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination was developed. The factors involved in the efficiency of pre-treatment were studied employing factorial design in the screening phase and the optimal conditions of the significant variables on the analytical response were evaluated using a central composite face-centred design. Consequently, the amount of salt ((NH₄)₂SO₄), together with the volumes of sample, hydrophilic (acetone) and nonpolar (toluene) solvents, and times of vortexing and centrifugation were optimised. Under optimised conditions, the limits of detection and quantification were 0.02 µg l^?1 and 0.08 µg l^?1 respectively. OTA extraction recovery by SALLE was approximately 90% (0.2 µg l^?1). Furthermore, the methodology was in agreement with EU Directive requirements and was successfully applied for analysis of beer samples.     

The effect of wort aeration on fermentation,maturation and volatile components of beer produced on an industrial scale

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the initial beer wort aeration on the process of fermentation, maturation, content of the volatile components of beer and abundance and vitality of yeast biomass. The experiments were performed on an industrial scale, with fermentation and maturation performed in fermentation tanks with a capacity of 3800 hL. The wort was aerated with sterile air in quantities as follows: 7, 10 and 12 mg/L. During fermentation and maturation, the changes in the content of the extract, yeast growth and vitality and more importantly volatile components were investigated. The experiments showed that differentiated aeration has a significant impact on the course of fermentation and metabolic changes. With the increase in wort aeration, the content of acetaldehyde decreased and the concentration of higher alcohols increased. On the other hand, the contents of esters and vicinal diketones did not change. The level of aeration did not affect the final quality of beer. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

淡色啤酒类黑精的分离及抗氧化活性评价

本文采用超滤结合大孔吸附树脂分离啤酒中的类黑精,并采用ABTS自由基阳离子清除活性和还原力评价其抗氧化活性。研究结果表明:大分子超滤组分(10 ku)得率和类黑精含量低,抗氧化活性弱,而小分子超滤组分(10 ku)呈现出分子量越小,得率、类黑精含量和抗氧化活性越高的趋势,其中分子量3 ku的UF4组分得率、类黑精含量和抗氧化活性均最高。UF4组分经大孔吸附树脂富集后洗脱为三个不同极性组分(D1D2D3),其中D1组分得率最高,约占UF4的94%,虽然D3组分得率不足1%,但其类黑精相对含量最高。D2组分ABTS清除活性和还原能力均最高,而D1组分抗氧化活性极弱。因此,啤酒中抗氧化活性最高的类黑精主要集中在分子量小于3 ku的组分中,经大孔树脂层析后,20%乙醇洗脱部分具有最强的抗氧化活性。     

降低上面发酵小麦啤酒头痛感的酿造条件优化

啤酒上头的原因主要是较高的醇酯比和乙醛含量。为降低上面发酵小麦啤酒头痛感,对其发酵条件进行优化,并通过气相色谱（GC）检测啤酒中高级醇、酯类和乙醛等风味物质含量。结果表明,最优发酵条件为发酵温度18 ℃（醇酯比2.02、乙醛含量3.51 mg/L）、发酵压力0.12 MPa（醇酯比2.01、乙醛含量2.75 mg/L）和零代酵母（醇酯比2.20、乙醛含量2.76 mg/L）。在此条件下发酵的小麦啤酒醇酯比为2.0～2.5,乙醛含量＜4 mg/L,不易引起上头。     

蛋白酶A对纯生啤酒泡持性的影响研究

该文研究蛋白酶A活力对纯生啤酒泡持性的影响,同时建立初始成品纯生啤酒及过滤前发酵液蛋白酶A活力限量值。结果表明,随着贮存时间的延长,纯生啤酒蛋白酶A活力和泡持值均呈下降趋势,最终残留蛋白酶A活力是影响其货架期泡持值的主要因素。纯生啤酒泡持值与蛋白酶A活力呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）。为了保证成品纯生啤酒在货架期内泡沫稳定性,发酵液出罐滤酒前的蛋白酶A活力应＜24×10-5 U/mL,相应成品纯生啤酒初始蛋白酶A活力应＜15×10-5 U/mL。该内控标准能为纯生啤酒生产企业控制泡持性提供指导。