地震监测时间序列异常值检测策略

前兆观测数据真实可靠地应用在地震预测中前提是观测人员能够准确去除和标记干扰异常数据。为了能够在前兆数据预处理过程中由计算机及时检测出异常值,文章在时间序列的异常值检测的基础上,提出一套前兆仪器数据异常判定方法。根据异常的特征分析,首先选取合适的阈值特征进行阈值异常检测,在阈值异常检测结果的基础上,进而将其与邻近观测点数据进行相似性度量。从而达到将局部干扰异常与地球物理变化区分的目的。这种异常判定规则应用在前兆预处理中大大提高了前兆数据预处理的准确性和效率。同时,这种异常判定规则应用在实时监控中可以及时发现仪器的故障以及解决异常数据隐蔽性和时效性的问题。     

A novel design for stable self-assembly cubosome precursor-microparticles enhancing dissolution of insoluble drugs

Cubosomes have been presented to enhance dissolution of insoluble drugs, but their applications are limited by the practical hurdles associated with both preparation and storage instability, resulting in drug delivery failure. In the present study, an innovative cubosome precursor-microparticles (CPMs) spray dried from an aqua-free precursor solution was developed to improve cubosome stability during both preparation and storage as well as to enhance the dissolution of insoluble drugs. These CPMs spontaneously self-assembled in situ forming homogeneous cubosome dispersion by hydration and disintegration after exposure to the aqueous medium. The stable cubosome dispersion was obtained from self-assembly (SA) of CPMs after administration instead of fragmentation of bulk cubic phase gel into cubosomes, which settled the preparation instability due to avoidance of high energy fragmentation (e.g. ultrasonic effect, high speed shear and high pressure homogenization). Also, the subsequent storage instability issue can be excluded as the CPMs were stored in a solid stable form. The CPMs disintegration and cubosome SA were demonstrated by the notable morphology variation and the distinct microparticle size decrease from CPMs (10–20?μm) to SA-cubosomes (150–200?nm). The cumulative release of docetaxel (DTX, model insoluble drug) incorporated in CPMs increased to 96.4% within 120?minutes compared with only 75.2% for blank CPMs and DTX physical mixture, demonstrating that CPMs significantly enhanced the dissolution extent of insoluble drug. The SA-cubosomes possessed quite high drug entrapment efficiency (>95%) and an integrated drug dissolution content, which significantly increased the drug utilization rate.     

Synthesis of polar vinyl monomer–olefin copolymers by α‐diimine nickel catalyst

Vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile and methyl vinyl ketone were investigated for co‐ and terpolymerization with ethylene and ethylene–propylene. Precursor [bis(N,N ′‐dimesitylimino)acenaphthene]dibromonickel, activated by methylaluminoxane was used as a catalyst system and trialkylaluminium was employed to block the polar groups for these polymerizations. Polymerization activities of the order of magnitude of 10⁶ in the case of vinyl acetate and methyl methacrylate, and 10⁵ in the case of acrylonitrile were achieved. Microanalysis and GPC of acrylonitrile copolymers found about 17 units of acrylonitrile per polymer chain. Copolymers with very different properties from the parent homopolymers were obtained in all cases except that of methyl vinyl ketone. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of an extremely stable ceramic in the system Si/B/C/N using 1-(trichlorosilyl)-1-(dichloroboryl)ethane as a single-source precursor

 A new material discovered in the Si/B/C/N system was found to remain in the amorphous state up to a very high temperature of 2000°C. This material, with the composition Si₂B₂N₅C₄, is the only material in this system which does not undergo any microstructural changes until such high temperatures. Furthermore, the substance shows an extremely high resistance to oxidation up to 1500°C. The synthesis of amorphous Si₂B₂N₅C₄ was achieved by using the novel single-source precursor 1-(trichlorosilyl)-1-(dichloroboryl)ethane (TSDE), which can be synthesized in high yields from inexpensive starting materials in a simple single pot reaction. Examination of the structural properties of the pyrolytic ceramic reveals a substructure consisting of tetrahedrally and trigonally-planar coordinated silicon and boron, respectively. Si-C- and B-C-bonds present in the molecular precursor could not be distinguished from Si-N- and B-N-bonds in the fully pyrolized ceramic. EDX and X-ray-diffraction showed the material to have a homogeneous elemental distribution, and no phase separation could be detected. Received: 15 August 1998 / Reviewed and accepted: 24 September 1998     

Epoxidized soybean oil-based ceramer coatings

New inorganic/organic hybrid coating containing epoxidized soybean oil were prepared. Three sol-gel precursors [titanium (IV) i-propoxide, titanium (IV) di-i-propoxide bis-acetoacetonate, and zirconium n-propoxide] were utilized as the inorganic phase. Various coating properties, including adhesion, hardness, impact resistance, flexibility and tensile properties, were investigated as a function of sol-gel precursor type and concentration. All ceramer coatings exhibited excellent flexibility and hardness. Tensile strength and hardness increased with sol-gel precursor concentration. A slight decrease in adhesion and impact resistance was observed with increasing precursor content.     

Harnstoffhydrolyse für die selektive katalytische Reduktion von NOx: Vergleich der Flüssig‐ und Gasphasenzersetzung

In order to reduce the NO_x concentration in car exhausts usually the selective catalytic reduction with ammonia is used. However, to avoid the transport of ammonia in vehicles urea is applied as NH₃ precursor. Controlled urea decomposition before the injection into the exhaust gas system itself may be accomplished by the use of a separate reactor. Urea decomposition to ammonia in the liquid phase under pressure in a heated reactor was compared to its decomposition in the gas phase. In the liquid phase, higher conversion rates relative to the reactor volume were realized than in the gas phase. Catalysts which showed high activity in the gas phase influenced the decomposition in the liquid phase only slightly.     

Effect of the Pt precursor on the morphology and catalytic performance of Pt-impregnated on Pd/C for the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

We describe how the morphology and electrocatalytic activity of Pt-Pd with low levels of Pt are dependent on the type of Pt precursor that is used for the impregnation on to Pd/C. When a Pt precursor with a negative charge (H₂PtCl₆) is used in the preparation medium (Pt-Pd/C-H), its electrostatic interaction with the carbon surface results in some Pt nanoparticles being deposited on the carbon separately from the Pd surface. Due to the absence of such an electrostatic interaction with the Pt(NH₃)₄Cl₂ precursor, more selective deposition of Pt can be achieved on the Pd surface (Pt-Pd/C-N). Depending on the morphology, different electrocatalytic performance in oxygen reduction reaction would be observed. Compared to Pt-Pd/C-H, Pt-Pd/C-N shows 180% (half-cell at 0.9 V) and 160% (unit-cell at 0.8 V) enhanced performance, which is comparable to that on Pt/C. It is believed that the interaction between the Pt and the Pd substrate is more extensive in Pt-Pd/C-N than in Pt-Pd/C-H, and this is responsible for the large difference in the catalytic performances between these two catalysts.     

压缩空气泡沫消防车空压机故障前兆分析

机械故障总是会对应有着特定的振动信号。针对泡沫消防车空压机常发生的故障如轴承点蚀、螺杆磨损过度等,采用虚拟与现实技术,基于LabVIEW搭设了一套空压机振动采集系统,并通过分析建立了空压机的振动模型,将空压机的振动简化成简谐激励情况下的两自由度系统的强迫振动,通过实验验证了模型的正确性,在模型的基础上分析螺杆泵螺杆膨胀的故障前兆振动信号特征,同时辅以实验验证了二阶主频分量的大幅增加是螺杆泵膨胀卡死的主要前兆振动特征。     

高应力下大理岩循环扰动变形规律及一种破坏前兆特征

为探究工程岩体循环扰动作用下的变形破坏特性,开展了不同应力水平与幅值的大理岩单轴循环扰动试验。试验结果显示：(1)应力水平是循环扰动下大理岩破坏的主要因素,幅值是次要因素。应力水平刚达到扩容应力时,即使循环幅值很大,大理岩也不会破坏,当应力水平远高于扩容应力且循环幅值很大时,破坏十分迅速;(2)相对于不可逆变形,动态刚度更能体现变形曲线“疏—密—疏”的三阶段特征。可采用动态刚度衰减率的正负值作为破坏前兆特征,在变形稳定阶段预判岩石是否会发生破坏;(3)对于破坏岩样,基于动态刚度表征的损伤变量与不可逆变形总趋势相似。“双高”模式与Ⅰ型曲线一致,其余模式与Ⅱ型曲线一致。