基于PBFT区块链技术的电网企业仓储系统

提出了一种基于实用拜占庭容错(PBFT)算法的区块链技术,首先对传统的实用拜占庭容错算法原理进行了阐述,该传统算法包含前期、需求、预准备、准备、确认、答复6个阶段,但传统算法具有实时性差、缺乏惩罚机制、带宽高的缺点。针对出现的这些问题,又对传统算法进行了改进,具体涉及记账节点、共识过程以及视图切换过程。通过测试进一步证明了该改进算法的实用性,并将该算法应用于电网企业中,构建的虚拟仓库实现了联储联备,降低了库存资金的耗费,并且提高了电网企业库存管理的效率。     

Distributed ledger technology in supply chains: a transaction cost perspective

With the emergence of distributed ledger technology (DLT), numerous practitioners and researchers have proclaimed its beneficial impact on supply chain transactions in the future. However, the vast majority of DLT initiatives are discontinued after a short period. With the full potential of DLT laying far down the road, especially managers in supply chain management (SCM) seek for short-term cost-saving effects of DLT in order to achieve long-term benefits of DLT in the future. However, the extant research has bypassed grounding long-term as well as short-term effects of DLT on supply chain transaction with empirical data. We address this shortcoming, following an abductive research approach and combining empirical data from a multiple case study design with the corresponding literature. Our study reveals that the effects of DLT on supply chain transactions are two-sided. We found six effects of DLT solutions that have a cost-reducing or cost avoidance impact on supply chain transactions. In addition, we found two effects that change the power distribution between buyers and suppliers in transactions and a single effect that reduces the dependency of supply chain transactions on third parties. While cost-reducing and avoidance as well as dependency-reducing effects are positive effects, the change in power distribution might come with disadvantages. With these findings, the paper provides the first empirical evidence of the impact of DLT on supply chain transactions, which will enable managers to improve their assessment of DLT usage in supply chains.     

基于区块链技术的公益时间银行系统

在现有的时间银行系统中，时间币的发行功能和结算功能完全集中到一个中心节点上。这种极度中心化的功能结构，不仅存在容易发生中心节点单点失效、数据容易被篡改等信息安全问题，还存在着时间币的发行和流通缺乏透明度以及时间币的结算依赖中心化的结算机构等问题。针对这些问题，提出了一种基于区块链技术的解决方法。首先，将时间币的发行功能和结算功能从中心节点上分离出来；然后，利用具有分布式去中心化、集体维护和不可篡改等特性的区块链技术，将分离出来的发行功能逐步去中心化，将分离出来的结算功能去中心化，形成公益时间链（PWTB）；最终，PWTB利用区块链技术以去中心化的方式将时间银行系统由单个节点维护账本变成由集体维护一个分布式的共享账本，使时间币的发行和流通公开透明，时间币的结算不依赖某个中心化的节点。安全分析表明所设计的PWTB能够实现安全的信息传输与存储，以及数据的共享。     

Data sharing mechanism of various mineral resources based on blockchain

Basins with various mineral resources coexisting and enriching often occupy an important strategic position. The exploration of various mineral resources is repetitive at present due to unshared data and imperfect management mechanism. This situation greatly increases the cost of energy exploitation in the country. Traditional data-sharing mode has several disadvantages, such as high cost, difficulty in confirming the right of data, and lack of incentive mechanism, which make achieving real data sharing difficult. In this paper, we propose a data-sharing mechanism based on blockchain and provide implementation suggestions and technical key points. Compared with traditional data-sharing methods, the proposed data-sharing mechanism can realize data sharing, ensure data quality, and protect intellectual property. Moreover, key points in the construction are stated in the case study section to verify the feasibility of the data-sharing system based on blockchain proposed in this paper.     

车联网中基于轨迹预测的无人机动态协同优化覆盖算法

针对城市车联网中出现的基站覆盖空洞及局部流量过载等问题,提出了一种基于车辆轨迹预测信息的动态预部署方案。首先,为了训练得到统一的seq2seq-GRU轨迹预测模型,多个携带边缘计算服务器的无人机在分布式联邦学习与区块链的架构下,去除中心聚合节点,采取改进的Raft算法,在每轮训练中根据贡献数据量的大小,选举得到节点来完成参数聚合及模型更新任务。其次,基于模型预测结果,提出了一种改进的虚拟力向导部署算法,通过各虚拟力来引导无人机进行动态地部署以提升车辆的接入率及通信质量。仿真结果表明,提出的训练架构能够加速模型的训练,部署算法在提升车辆接入率的同时提升了车辆与无人机之间的通信质量。     

一种基于门限签名的区块链共识算法

针对区块链应用于物联网环境下的特点和要求,分析了目前广泛应用于联盟链的实用拜占庭容错算法（PBFT）的弊端以及目前应用于共识网络中的门限签名算法存在的普遍问题,提出改进的共识算法。首先,新共识机制将网络中的节点分组用部分节点的两两通信代替所有节点的两两通信减少通信量;其次,将组合公钥的思想引入到门限签名中,减少了通信量与计算量;最后,在节点之间引入信用分机制,优化视图切换协议。仿真结果表明,新提出的共识算法在数据吞吐量以及通信时延方面有了明显的提升,并且得到了通信量最低时的最佳分组方式。     

面向征信数据安全共享的SVM训练机制

在征信行业中,征信数据的丰富性和多样性对信用评价极为重要.然而,征信机构尤其是小型征信机构拥有的征信数据存在内容不完整、种类不全、数量不充足等问题.同时由于征信数据价值高、隐私性强、易被非授权复制,征信机构之间难以直接共享数据.针对这一问题,本文提出了面向征信数据安全共享的SVM训练机制.首先共享数据经同态加密后存储在区块链上,保证数据不可篡改以及隐私安全.其次使用基于安全多方计算的支持向量机(SVM)在共享的加密数据上进行运算,保证在不泄露原始数据的条件下,训练信用评价模型.最后,通过真实数据集上的实验对本文所提出机制的可用性和性能进行验证.实验结果显示,相比于基于明文数据集训练出的模型,本文提出的机制在可接受时间内训练出的模型无准确率损失.同时,与其他同类隐私训练方案相比,本机制在实验数据集.上的计算耗时小于对比实验的5%,且无需可信第三方协助计算.     

采用工作量证明共识机制的区块链中挖矿攻击者间的“鲶鱼效应”

近年来,采用工作量证明共识机制(Proof of Work,PoW)的区块链被广泛地应用于以比特币为代表的数字加密货币中.自私挖矿攻击(Selfish mining)等挖矿攻击(Mining attack)策略威胁了采用工作量证明共识机制的区块链的安全性.在自私挖矿攻击策略被提出之后,研究者们进一步优化了单个攻击者的挖矿攻击策略.在前人工作的基础上,本文提出了新颖的两阶段挖矿攻击模型,该模型包含拥有单攻击者的传统自私挖矿系统与拥有两个攻击者的多攻击者系统.本文的模型同时提供了理论分析与仿真量化分析,并将两个攻击者区分为内部攻击者与外部攻击者.通过引入内部攻击者与外部攻击者的概念,本文指出传统自私挖矿系统转化为多攻击者系统的条件.本文进一步揭示了在多攻击者系统中两个攻击者将产生竞争并面临着“矿工困境”问题.攻击者间的竞争可被总结为“鲶鱼效应”:外部攻击者的出现导致内部攻击者的相对收益下降至多67.4%,因此内部攻击者需要优化攻击策略.本文提出了名为部分主动发布策略的全新挖矿攻击策略,相较于自私挖矿策略,该策略是半诚实的攻击策略.在特定场景下,部分主动发布策略可以提高攻击者的相对收益并破解攻击者面临的“矿工困境”问题.     

Method for using the blockchain to protect data privacy of IoV

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things,vehicle industry is undergoing a rapid transformation from the early vehicle Ad-Hoc network to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in which massive vehicles and on-board smart devices can realize data sharing and interaction.However,this brings about a big challenge for the security of shared data in a huge volume containing a lot of user privacy,especially the issues of access control,trust and key escrow.To address these problems,we propose an efficient blockchain-based distributed data sharing method in IoV.In our scheme,blockchain transactions are utilized for trustworthily data storage and access as well as user revocation.To realize end device verification,we introduce certificateless cryptography for transaction verification of blockchain nodes and the ease of the key escrow problem.Moreover,we propose an efficient partial policy-hidden CP-ABE scheme for data fine-grained access control with efficient user revocation.Security analysis and experiments demonstrate that our scheme is secure,efficient and practical.     

基于区块链的D2D辅助的MEC资源共享架构

随着终端设备智能化发展与设备到设备（D2D）通信技术的逐渐应用,终端设备可以通过直连链路进行资源共享.为提升网络边缘整体服务能力,提出了一种基于区块链的D2D辅助的多接入边缘计算资源共享架构（BD-MEC）.在BD-MEC下,综合考虑时延、能耗和支付开销等因素,设计了一种基于博弈论的多用户卸载方案,以满足不同用户的服务需求.其次,针对拒绝服务或付款等恶意行为,提出了一种基于智能合约的资源共享协议与争议事件处理方法,利用区块链来强制共享双方遵守资源共享协议,以实现安全的资源共享.仿真结果表明,BD-MEC能有效地降低计算任务的时延、能耗和支付开销.