Glycaemic response of pseudocereal-based gluten-free food products: a review

Rapid digestion and absorption of carbohydrates have become a health issue (high glycaemic index, GI), which can be a matter of greater concern when consumed in large quantities. Depending upon the influence of carbohydrates on the blood sugar levels, GI classifies carbohydrates (on a scale of 100) as low (<55), medium (55–70) and high (>70) GI foods. Among the pseudocereals, chia seed possesses relatively lower GI (28.53), as compared to buckwheat (52.35), amaranth (47.65) and quinoa (61.50). Consumers now prefer foods with a high GI over the ones with low GI to prevent various metabolic alterations. Celiac disease is a lifelong disorder prevalent worldwide and can only be controlled by following a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. Therefore, pseudocereals could be a potential alternate for low GI food and developing gluten-free food products, including bread, cookies, noodles and pasta. This review synthesises the recently published literatures on pseudocereals as a lowering GI and healthy food option. This review also gives insights into developing pseudocereals as a potential and novel ingredient for gluten-free food applications and the latest research conducted worldwide.     

Effect of heat moisture treatment on resistant starch content among carbohydrate sources: a meta-analysis

Resistant starch (RS) can be generated through heat moisture treatment (HMT). The HMT was conducted by modifying starch using different ratio of moisture content, high temperature and heating time. A number of studies showed that the effects of HMT on RS contents in cereals, pulses, tubers and fruits were inconsistent. This study aimed to analyse the impact of HMT on RS level in various carbohydrate sources through a meta-analysis approach. Study selection was conducted with the PRISMA method. There were 21 relevant studies and 67 data used for meta-analysis. The database was analysed by using Hedges’ d. The results showed that there was a significant impact of HMT on RS level of cereals, especially wheat. The highest increase in RS levels for various carbohydrate sources in starch was influenced by the interaction of treatment between water content at 15 ≤ x < 25%, heating time at 0.25 < x ≤ 6 h and temperature at 120 ≤ x ≤ 130 °C.     

Synthesis,Characterization, Speciation,and Biological Studies on Metal Chelates of Carbohydrates with Molecular Docking Investigation

The role of starch aerogel (St-AG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as biolgical active compounds, when they subjected for complexation with metal ions, is assessed in this work. The complexation is carried out with palladium(II) and copper(II) ions, in solid state. Different tools of analysis are carried out to characterize and elucidate the structures of these complexes, namely: elemental analysis, IR, thermal analysis, magnetic measurement and molar conductance techniques. All synthesized complexes are formed with 1:2 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry except the case of aerogel starch 1:1 (Pd:starch). All isolated complexes show a satisfactory cytotoxic effect results against colon cancer cell lines HCT11. Additionally, these complexes are screened for their antibacterial activities against two types of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Molecular docking investigation confirmed the cytotoxicity and antibacterial results. Proton–ligands association constants and their complex formation constants with some bivalent metal ions, using potentiometric method show that the complexes formed in solution have a stoichiometry of 1:1 [metal:ligand]. The effects of metal ion, ionic radius, electronegativity and nature of ligand on the formation constants are discussed. The formation constants of the complexes with 3D transition metals followed the order Mn²⁺ < Co²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺.     

预处理过程产生的抑制剂对纤维素酶酶解效率的影响

在木质纤维产乙醇研究中,原料在稀磷酸浸渍+蒸汽爆破预处理过程中容易产生糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、对苯二酚和间苯二酚等抑制剂,这些抑制剂会影响纤维素酶酶解效率,导致还原糖浓度下降从而影响乙醇生产。通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了纤维素酶酶解的最优条件为:酶解温度50℃、酶液载入量30 U/mL、酶解固液比1∶11、酶解pH值4. 8;选取预处理过程中产生的上述4种抑制剂,测定其浓度分别为:糠醛0. 031 g/L、5-羟甲基糠醛0. 029 g/L、对苯二酚1. 51 g/L、间苯二酚1. 242 g/L,探讨上述抑制剂单独或复配后对纤维素酶酶解效率的影响。结果表明,预处理过程中产生的酚类抑制剂高于醛类,在酶解过程中酚类抑制剂对酶解产生的影响高于醛类抑制剂;多种抑制剂的协同作用对酶解的影响高于单一种类抑制剂对酶解的影响;酶解液中抑制剂对酶解的影响强度按对苯二酚、间苯二酚、5-羟甲基糠醛、糠醛依次减弱。     

着-聚赖氨酸/淀粉抑菌膜的制备及性能检测

对以淀粉为成膜基质,海藻酸钠和甘油为增塑剂,ε-聚赖氨酸为抑菌剂的淀粉基抑菌膜进行研究,并对其抑菌性和膜性能进行检测。结果表明,ε-聚赖氨酸对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为1、2、2μg/mL,而将ε-聚赖氨酸添加到淀粉膜后,最低抑菌浓度都提高到64 mg/g,对淀粉膜和抑菌膜的力学性能、红外光谱检测、透气性和透油性及膜液的流变性、接触角等比较,差异较小。     

直链淀粉晶种对淀粉回生的影响机制

由于淀粉回生影响因素复杂和研究手段局限,基于直链淀粉主导的短期回生阶段和支链淀粉主导的长期回生阶段关联性的回生共性机制未得到系统阐述。基于此,该研究制备短期回生的直链淀粉晶种,采用FTIR、13C CP/MAS NMR等手段,研究其诱导大米淀粉的长期回生过程与规律,揭示短期回生与长期回生关联性。结果表明,所制备的直链淀粉晶种粒度分布在200~450 nm,添加晶种导致淀粉短程有序度由0. 670最高提高至0. 887,双螺旋含量由14. 86%最高提高到了22. 80%。回生淀粉的短程有序度、双螺旋含量显著提高,表明所制备直链淀粉晶种显著促进淀粉长期回生过程,这种晶体协同增长效应,丰富了淀粉回生共性机制。     

改性淀粉抑制赤铁矿反浮选石英的作用机理研究

通过矿物浮选试验、动电位测定以及吸附量测试,考察了4种淀粉抑制剂对赤铁矿和石英浮选性能的影响,并探讨了其作用机理。在碱性条件下,改性淀粉抑制剂对赤铁矿抑制效果明显,且以改性玉米淀粉效果最佳,改性磷酸酯淀粉、改性羧甲基淀粉的抑制效果次之,而普通淀粉抑制作用一般。同时4种淀粉抑制剂对主要脉石矿物石英的抑制效果均不明显。pH=10~12.5条件下,改性玉米淀粉因其羟基氧和裸露在赤铁矿表面的铁元素发生了化学键合,因而选择性抑制能力最佳。分子动力学模拟表明,改性玉米淀粉片段与赤铁矿作用更为紧密,验证了改性淀粉能更好地抑制赤铁矿。     

辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的醇相法制备及其理化性质

以木薯淀粉为原料，在醇水相中进行预处理，在醇相中进行预处理淀粉与辛烯基琥珀酸酐（OSA）的酯化反应，制备了不同取代度的OSAS，研究了淀粉乳浓度、反应温度、反应pH、OSA用量及反应时间对产物取代度（DS）和反应效率（RE）的影响，并通过正交实验优化制备工艺，得出醇相法制备辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯（OSAS）的最佳工艺条件为反应时间4 h，反应温度为35 ℃，OSA用量为30%，pH为8.5，淀粉乳浓度为35%，此时产物DS为0.0889，RE为38.47%。以原木薯淀粉为原料，在该条件下制备的酯化淀粉DS为0.0323，RE为13.98%，表明该预处理能显著提高RE。FT-IR分析表明淀粉分子上成功引入辛烯基琥珀酸基团；XRD测试表明原木薯淀粉经过预处理后结晶度由21.48%下降至8.61%，A型结晶结构部分转化成V型，酯化反应首先发生在淀粉的表面及无定形区，其次进攻淀粉内部及结晶区进而导致结晶度有所下降；淀粉经酯化改性后，糊液粘度、抗凝沉性和透明度明显提高。